Duration judgements for intervals of different lengths and content were studied in depressive in-patients (n = 47) and a control sample of surgical in-patients (n = 16). As suggested by research on non-clinical subjects, tasks during the intervals influenced the depressed patients' duration judgements. Severely depressed endogenous depressives (n = 17) over-estimated time when left completely unoccupied or when attending to tasks requiring concentration. Endogenous depressives (n = 17) remitted with regard to subjective depression but, exhibiting signs of psychomotor retardation, selectively over-estimated time when required to concentrate under time pressure. Neurotic/reactive depressives (n = 13) with an intermediate level of subjective depression and almost normal psychomotor functioning did not over-estimate any of these intervals. Time estimations of patients and controls did not differ for intervals in the range of seconds and minutes requiring attention to time only, and for a longer part of the experimental session. Alteration of time estimation and results of a time experience inventory corresponded for endogenous depressives but not for neurotic/reactive depressives. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of affective state and subjective concentration effort on the over-estimations observed.
The validity of the assumption that females do not have the personality traits commonly assumed to be characteristic of senior managers was investigated. Three personality measures were used to test 71 female and male Master of Business Administration (MBA) students: Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, California Personality Inventory, and Rathus Assertive Inventory. The results showed that female and male MBA students did not generally differ on most measures of personality. An observed difference was that the women scored higher on some of the scales that depicted "masculine" traits, whereas their male counterparts scored higher on some of the scales that depicted "feminine" traits. The data suggested that female MBA students do possess the personality traits that are commonly used to define a competent manager.
ZusammenfassungDie umfassende Untersuchung des Schlafes basiert auf der Polysomnographie. Die urspriingliche 13"berwachung auf einem Anaiogmonitor und einem Papierschreiber wird zunehmend durch computergestiJtzte Systeme abgel6st. Wer heute einen Polysomnographen beurteilen will ben6tigt zusatzliche Fachkenntnisse, die hier in ihren Grundztigen vermittelt werden. Grundlagen der Biosignalverarbeitung bezogen auf die im Schlaflabor gemessenen Gr613en werden dargestellt. Eine digitale Polysomnographie erfiillt mehrere Funktionen im Schlaflabor. Diese sind die Funktion des Papierschreibers, des Dokumentationsblattes, der automatischen Schlafauswertung und der automatischen kardiorespiratorischen Auswertung. Ein Konsens mit minimalen Anforderungen an die zeitliche und amplitudenbezogene Aufl6sung der Signale unter Beriicksichtigung internationaler Standards wird vorgestellt. Es werden auch die Anforderungen an die automatische Auswertung des Schlafes, der kardiorespiratorischen Funktion und der Beinbewegungen benannt und die minimal notwendigen Parameter aufgeffihrt. Im Vergleich zur digitalen Bildverarbeitung k6nnen die aufgefiihrten Empfehlungen mit einem moderaten Aufwand bezogen auf die Ger~itetechnik verwirklicht werden.
SchliisselwOrterPolysomnographie -Standards -Empfehlungcn -Biosignalverarbeitung -Schlafaufzeichnung -Schlafauswertung.
SummaryPolysomnography is the basis of sleep investigation. Former techniques with analogue monitors and chart writers are nowadays replaced by digital systems. To judge on a modern polysomnographic system requires additional knowledge of which basics are provided in this paper. Therefore basics of biosignal analysis necessary for sleep are given here. A digital polysomnography serves several functions in a sleep laboratory. These are: a chart writer, a documentation of events, an automatic sleep analysis and an automatic analysis of cardiorespiratory signals. A consensus with minimal requirements on time and amplitude resolutions is given taking international standards into consideration. Requirements for an automatic analysis of sleep, of cardiorespiratory function, and of leg movements are named and the minimum set of parameters is defined. Comparing these recommendations with digital image processing the desired needs on technology are moderate and can be realised with adequate efforts.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.