Natural transition of boundary layers is investigated for a flat plate in a low-speed wind tunnel with free-stream turbulence intensities ranging from 0.3 to 5 per cent, and with pressure-gradient histories typical of turbomachinery blades without separation. Empirical relationships are proposed for the prediction of the start and end of transition, as well as the development of the boundary layer during transition. These relations are based on the recent measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer, and augmented, mainly for the start of transition, by results of previously reported research. Finally, these experimental relationships are used in conjunction with well established methods to predict the entire unseparated boundary layer. To utilize the prediction, all that is required is a knowledge of the free-stream turbulence level and the free-stream velocity distribution, which itself can be derived from potential flow theory.
In this paper, the authors investigate a number of design and market considerations for an axial flux superconducting electric machine design that uses high temperature superconductors. The authors firstly investigate the applicability of this type of machine as a generator in small-and medium-sized wind turbines, then the applicability as an in-wheel hub motor for electric vehicles. Next, the cost of YBCObased superconducting (2G HTS) wire is analysed with respect to competing wire technologies and compared with current conventional material costs. Finally, different cooling options are assessed for the machine design.
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are important human pathogens associated with a range of epithelial neoplasia. The rising incidence of HPV infection and association of HPV with malignancy has led to increased interest in appropriate management of these infections. Development of new therapies for viral warts has been frustrated by the lack of availability of models permissive for viral replication. Here we describe the development of a HPV-severe combined immunodeficient mouse model which reproduces mature HPV-infected epithelia.Grafting of anogenital and laryngeal papillomas harbouring either HPV-6 or HPV-11 resulted in the formation of a differentiated neo-epithelium exhibiting the hallmark features of HPV infection including basal hyperplasia, acanthosis and koilocytosis. The reformed warty epithelium contained amplified HPV DNA and expressed capsid protein in the differentiated layers. A striking feature is the production of macroscopic papillomata in an anatomically relevant and accessible site, providing a system of particular relevance for the temporal evaluation of developing lesions and selection of antiviral agents.
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