The future power system will be an innovative administration of existing power grids, which is called smart grid. Above all, the application of advanced communication and computing tools is going to significantly improve the productivity and consistency of smart grid systems with renewable energy resources. Together with the topographies of the smart grid, cyber security appears as a serious concern since a huge number of automatic devices are linked through communication networks. Cyber attacks on those devices had a direct influence on the reliability of extensive infrastructure of the power system. In this survey, several published works related to smart grid system vulnerabilities, potential intentional attacks, and suggested countermeasures for these threats have been investigated.
Microelectronics and, chiefly, silicon integrated circuit microelectronics, has created astonishing capabilities over the last 40 years. Speedy advancement in CMOS transistor equipment leading to the gigahertz speeds common today has necessitated chief changes in semiconductor manufacturing technology and the expansion of high frequency compatible packaging. The progress of an optimized formulation for electroless nickel (EN) plating with a long life span to make a deposit with good corrosion resistance (CR). The electroless deposition of NiP alloys is widely used in diverse fields such as aerospace, automation, electronics, nuclear, oil and gas production, and valve industries. Lead frame is the primary package metallurgical bond pad interface in microelectronic devices which provides external interconnection. The most predominant lead frame material is copper with tin plating. Over the years, galvanic corrosion and copper oxidation are two major reliability concerns for any microelectronics packages with copper lead frame, when operating under high humidity environment.
The hull plates of the ship made of mild steel (MS) are always in contact with seawater are always in contact with aggressive ions such as chloride ions present in seawater.The corrosion resistance of the hull plates of the ship made of mild steel has been investigated by polarization study. Sandalwood oil extract containing 5 g each of Cardamom (disambiguation), Clove (disambiguation), Nutmeg, India Sambrani (loban), Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver and Camphor was used as corrosion inhibitor along with Trisodium citrate (TSC), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (SDP) and Zn2+. The corrosion resistance was measured in the absence and presence of various inhibitor systems: Trisodium citrate (TSC) 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system, sodium dihydrogen phosphate (SDP) 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system, Oil coated (3days) MS, Oil coated (3days) MS +TSC 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50 ppm system and Oil coated (3days) MS +SDP100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50 ppm system were used. It is observed that when mild steel is immersed in SW+TSC 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. When mild steel is immersed in SW+ SDP 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. When mild steel is immersed in Oil coated (3days) MS in Sea water system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. When mild steel is immersed in Oil coated (3days) MS in SW+TSC 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. When mild steel is immersed in Oil coated (3 days) MS in SW+ SDP 100 ppm+ Zn2+ 50ppm system , the corrosion resistance of MS increases. This is revealed by the fact that there is increase in LPR value and decrease in corrosion current value. The corrosion potential is shifted to anodic side. This indicates that in this inhibitor system, the anodic reaction of metal dissolution is controlled predominantly. This implies that these inhibitor systems may be coated on mild steel surface used as hull plates to prevent corrosion of mild steel in sea water.
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