Microwave Assisted Synthesis is rapidly becoming the method of choice in modern synthesis and discovery chemistry laboratories. Microwave-assisted synthesis improves both throughput and turn-around time for chemists by offering the benefits of drastically reduced reaction times, increased yields, and purer products. In this type of synthesis we applying microwave irradiation to chemical reactions. The fundamental mechanism of microwave heating involves agitation of polar molecules or ions that oscillate under the effect of an oscillating electric or magnetic field. In the presence of an oscillating field, particles try to orient themselves or be in phase with the field. Only materials that absorb microwave radiation are relevant to microwave chemistry. These materials can be categorized according to the three main mechanisms of heating, namely. Dipolar polarization, Conduction mechanism, Interfacial polarization. Microwave chemistry apparatus are classified: Single-mode apparatus and Multi-mode apparatus. Although occasionally known by such acronyms as 'MEC' (Microwave-Enhanced Chemistry) or ‘MORE’ synthesis (Microwave-organic Reaction Enhancement), these acronyms have had little acceptance outside a small number of groups. The ability to combine microwave technology with in-situ reaction monitoring as an analytical tools will offer opportunities for chemists to optimize the reaction conditions. Different compounds convert microwave radiation to heat by different amounts. This selectivity allows some parts of the object being heated to heat more quickly or more slowly than others (particularly the reaction vessel).

A new simple, specific, precise and accurate reversed-phase liquid chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of Drotaverine HCl (DRO) and Nimesulide (NIM) in tablet formulation. The separation was achieved on a 5-micron C18 column (250 X 4.6 mm) using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of water: acetonitrile: methanol 30: 35: 35 % (pH 2.5, adjusted with orthophosphoric acid). The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 ml/min, with an average operating pressure of 2630 psi. The detection of the constituents was done using UV detector at 295 nm for DRO and NIM. The retention time of DRO and NIM were approximately 5.6 and 10.6 min respectively. Recovery study values of DRO and NIM is 100.06+0.40 and 100.13+0.34 respectively, relative standard deviation of less than 2% for the assay show that the method is precise, accurate and linear in the concentration given and demonstrate the method developed is rugged and robust. Linear response obtained for DRO was in the concentration range 50-250 µg/ml and NIM in the range 125-625 µg/ml.

Evidence suggests that a diet high in fruits and vegetables may decrease the risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, and phytochemicals including phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids from fruits and vegetables may play a key role in reducing chronic disease risk. Apples are a widely consumed, rich source of phytochemicals, and epidemiological studies have linked the consumption of apples with reduced risk of some cancers, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and diabetes. In the laboratory, apples have been found to have very strong antioxidant activity, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, decrease lipid oxidation, and lower cholesterol. Apples contain a variety of phytochemicals, including quercetin, catechin, phloridzin and chlorogenic acid, all of which are strong antioxidants. The phytochemical composition of apples varies greatly between different varieties of apples, and there are also small changes in phytochemicals during the maturation and ripening of the fruit. Storage has little to no effect on apple phytochemicals, but processing can greatly affect apple phytochemicals. While extensive research exists, a literature review of the health benefits of apples and their phytochemicals has not been compiled to summarize this work. The purpose of this paper is to review the most recent literature regarding the health benefits of apples and their phytochemicals, phytochemical bioavailability and antioxidant behavior, and the effects of variety, ripening, storage and processing on apple phytochemical

The primary cause of degenerative disease is not due to damaging free radicals, but rather it is due to the requirement of highly ordered cell biochemistry becoming disordered due to insufficient cellular energy to maintain the normal state of order. There is a complex defense system in the body, in which vitamins, minerals, amino acids and certain enzymes play a central role called the antioxidant system. Antioxidants are weapons for combating free radicals and mop up damaging chemicals in the body and guard against many chronic diseases. Heart disease, arthritis, cancer and many other common chronic diseases derive from the same source: fortuitous mutations caused largely by free radicals. Under optimum conditions, cells are protected against free radicals and lipid per oxidation. Antioxidants are substances, which react chemically with free radicals and render them harmless and at the same time break the vicious circle, which involves the decomposition of fatty acids & proteins, the creation of new free radicals and eventual cell death. Because free radical damage accumulates with age, people should start supplementing with antioxidants early to achieve long-term benefits. The scientific community has begun to unveil some of  the  mysteries surrounding this topic, and the media has begun whetting our thirst for knowledge

ABSTRACT:A simple, precise and sensitive reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the quantitation of Escitalopram oxalate in pharmaceutical formulations. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 250 × 4.6 mm, 5µ, C 18 column. The flow rate was 1ml/min and eluent was monitored by absorbance at 240 nm using a mixture of Acetonitrile and Buffer (pH 4.0) in the ratio of 25:75 (v/v). The retention times of Escitalopram oxalate was found to be 3.2 min. Calibration plots were linear in the concentration range of 2.5-80 µg mL -1 for Escitalopram oxalate. The total run time is 10 min. The proposed method was validated by testing its linearity, recovery, specificity, system suitability, precision (Interday and intraday), robustness and LOD/LOQ values and it was successfully employed for the determination of Escitalopram oxalate in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.

A simple, rapid, precise, sensitive and reproducible reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for determination of Telmisartan (TELM) in tablet dosage form was developed and validated. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 250 × 4.6 mm, 5µ, Waters symmetry column in gradient mode, with mobile phase consisting of a mixture of solution (10 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 3.5 ± 0.01): acetonitrile (64:40) was used. The quantitation performed at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 230 nm and run time was 12 min. The analytical method was validated as per ICH guideline for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, robustness and stability and method can be extended to the analysis of TELM in tablet formulations. The relative standard deviation values for precision was less than 2%, and % recovery was greater than 98% for TELM. The drug undergoes oxidative degradation, thermal degradation and in alkali medium.

ABSTRACT:A simple, sensitive and reproducible reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for simultaneous quantitative estimation of Atorvastatin calcium (ATOR) and Telmisartan (TELM) in the pharmaceutical formulations. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a 250 × 4.6 mm, 5µ, Waters symmetry column. The flow rate was 1ml/min and eluent was monitored by absorbance at 267 nm using a mixture of Methanol and Acetonitrile (pH 3.0±0.01) in the ratio of 25:75 (v/v). The retention time of Atorvastatin calcium and Telmisartan was found to be 5.6 and 8.2 min respectively. Calibration plots were linear in the concentration range of 5-25 µg/ml for Atorvastatin calcium and 10-50 µg/ml for Telmisartan with correlation coefficient (R 2 ) 0.999 respectively. The proposed method was validated by testing its linearity, recovery, specificity, system suitability, precision (Interday, intraday, analyst and instrument precision), robustness and LOD/LOQ values and it was successfully employed for the determination of Atorvastatin calcium and Telmisartan in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.

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