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Aim:The aim was to evaluate the effect of multiple oral administration of bisphenol A (BPA) for 28 days on seminal characteristic on mammal using Wistar rat as a model.Materials and Methods:Rats were randomly divided into five different groups having 6 male rats in each group. The doses chosen were 50, 200, and 600 mg/kg body weight for Groups III, IV and V, respectively, based on preliminary dose range finding study and Group II served as vehicle control and Group I was negative control.Results:Reproductive study in the BPA-treated rats on day 28 revealed that there was significant (p≤0.05) reduction in the epididymal sperm count of rats of Group IV and significant (p≤0.01) decrease in Group V. Sperm motility percentage, dead count percentage, head and tail abnormality percentage were found to be significantly (p≤0.01) increased in rats of BPA-treated groups as compared to rats of control groups. Testes showed necrosis of germinal layer and spermatogonial cells in the seminiferous tubules. Hematological examination revealed significant (p≤0.01) decrease in the mean values of total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and there was also significant (p≤0.05) lymphocytopenia in treated animals.Conclusion:It can be concluded from this study that subacute toxicity of BPA caused a reduction in the epididymal sperm count, sperm motility, dead count, head and tail abnormality, as well as hematological indices such as TLC, TEC etc. Hence, it appears that BPA affects the germ cells leading to impairment in the spermatogenesis, and thus having its property as reproductive toxicant and it also suppresses bone marrow functioning, which leads to normocytic hypochromic anemia in rats.

A subacute toxicity study of acetamiprid was undertaken in 72 female wistar rats in four groups (18 each). Three different concentrations of acetamiprid (25, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight) were administered orally to rats. Untreated rat served as control. The antibody titre of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in all the treated groups and decrease in cell mediated immune response (CMI) were evaluated by delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to dinitroflurobenzene (DNFB). Our results revealed that in 200 mg/kg body treated rats, there were significant (Pdd0.01) decrease in mean values of total leukocyte count and relative lymphocyte count in rats. Globulin was also decreased significantly (Pdd0.01) in acetamiprid treated rats compared to control. There was a significant decrease (Pdd0.01) in spleen weight in rats treated with 200 mg/kg dose as compared to control. Histopathological examination of spleen revealed depletion of lymphocytes from Malpighian corpuscles in all treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The results indicated that acetamiprid suppressed both CMI and antibody forming ability of lymphocytes.

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To see the toxicopathological changes after multiple exposure to acetamiprid (ACP) and also to obtain more information regarding the manner in which ACP acts at cellular level. Materials and Methods:A subacute toxicity study of ACP was undertaken in 72 female Wistar rats in four groups (18 each). Three different concentrations of ACP (25, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight) were administered orally to rats. Untreated rats served as control. Different plasma enzyme and analytes were measured. Gross and histopathological observations were noted in this experiment.Result: There was a significant increase in the plasma enzymes tested in this experiment. There was a significant decrease in plasma glucose, cholesterol and low-density lipid. Necrotic and degenerative changes were observed in vital organs. Conclusion:It is observed that ACP has the toxic potential (on liver, kidney, heart, ovary and brain) at sub lethal doses.

Aim:The present investigation was conducted to isolate and characterize Salmonella Gallinarum from an outbreak of fowl typhoid in layer birds.Materials and Methods:Clinically ill and dead layer birds from an outbreak were investigated. History, clinical signs, and postmortem lesions were suggestive of fowl typhoid. Postmortem samples including heart blood, intestinal contents, pieces of ovary, and liver were collected and processed immediately for bacterial culture, serotyping and antibiotic sensitivity tests. Isolates were further screened for the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) (blaTEM) gene by polymerase chain reaction.Results:On the basis of cultural, staining and biochemical characteristics; three bacterial isolates were confirmed as S. Gallinarum. On serotyping, somatic antigen O: 9 and 12 with nonflagellated antigen were detected in all three isolates. Isolates were intermediate sensitive to amoxycillin, amoxyclav, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin and resistant to most of the antibiotics including chloramphenicol, ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefexime, cefepime, azithromycin, nalidixin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin. Two isolates were found to harbor ESBL (blaTEM) gene.Conclusion:Beta lactamase producer S. Gallinarum was confirmed as cause of increased mortality in layer birds during present investigation. Existence of multi drug resistant Salmonella poses serious threat to poultry industry in Chhattisgarh.

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