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Alkali and alkaline-earth metal salts with 3,4dinitropyrazole (DNP) were synthesized by the reaction of DNP with stoichiometric amounts of the corresponding metal hydroxide-, oxide-, or carbonate-based highly pure salts, and products were fully characterized. Determination of single-crystal structures of all new complexes except for the lithium and strontium salts was performed by X-ray diffraction techniques. The cesium salt crystallized no water among them. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) manifested that these salts have satisfactory thermal stabilities with decomposition temperatures above 210 °C. They also showed that there exists strong bonding of crystallized water among lattices, which disappeared at temperatures equal to or above 115 °C except for salts MES-3, MES-4, and MES-9. In addition, the percentage of water contents was confirmed by using DSC and TGA methods. The constant-volume combustion heats of these metal salts containing DNP anions were measured using an oxygen bomb calorimeter due to their expectant interest in energetic materials, and their standard molar formation enthalpies were obtained. The investigated salts were found to be insensitive toward friction and impact. Findings of burning tests performed with experimental formulations using MES-1, MES-7, MES-8, and MES-9 certify that these four salts might be more promising candidates for application in green pyrotechnics.

Two bimetallic complexes of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyrazole, [K2Mn(DNPO)2(H2O)4]n2∙H2O (BMEP-1) and [K2Zn(DNPO)2(H2O)6]n (BMEP-2) were synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The crystal structures of BMEP-1 and BMEP-2 were determined by...

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The requirements for the chemical to act as a primary explosive, its importance, and the hazards associated with heavy‐metal‐based primary explosives are all well‐stated in this review. In addition, it outlined the limitations of the heavy‐metal‐free primary explosives already in use. This analysis underlines the importance of green primary explosives with updated information. It summarizes the possible candidates of metal‐free new generation green primary explosives, including their preparation routes, energetic properties, applications, and comparisons to traditional primary explosives. Furthermore, this analysis also aims to discuss the necessity for metal‐free primary explosives as well as the significant problem of replacing traditional primary explosives.

A new family of pyrimidine modified tetrazole & azido derivatives (1-16) was developed using the conventional and nucleophilic substitution methods. The 1H-tetrazol-1-yl)pyrimidine (1-10) compounds were prepared via traditional cycloaddition and condensation method. The compounds tetrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine (11 a,12 a, and 13 a), azido-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) pyrimidine (14 a and 15 a) and tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (16 a) were synthesized by simultaneously introducing conventional and nucleophilic substitution approaches. The latter technique was easy to process and reduce the synthesis time. The factors (solvent, temperature, steric effect, electron-donating groups, and electron-withdrawing groups) were found responsible for steering the azido-tetrazole equilibrium in the compounds 11 a, 12 a, 13 a, and 16 a. All the prepared compounds were well characterized including single-crystal X-ray diffraction struc- tures of 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 a, 12 a, 13 a, 14 a, 15 a, and 16 a. Thermal behaviour was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The current work is significant to the development of a new class of pyrimidine modified tetrazole and azido derivatives in sense of easy reaction approach, good to excellent yields, safe process, and simple work-ups.