Nitro-tetrazole based high performing explosives: Recent overview of synthesis and energetic properties

Manzoor, Saira; Tariq, Qamar‐un‐nisa; Yin, Xin; Zhang, Jian Guo

doi:10.1016/j.dt.2021.02.002

Cited by 52 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The two picrates coordinate via their deprotonated hydroxy group as well as a second oxygen atom of one of the ortho-nitro groups. The bond lengths between the copper(II) and the AzMT ligands (2.01 Å) are in the same range as for the copper(II) nitrate (4) and Chemistry-A European Journal chlorate (9). The deprotonated hydroxy groups also coordinate in the equatorial plane, whereas the nitro groups oxygen atoms are axial standing with a bond length of 2.35 Å, resulting in a typical Jahn-Teller-like distortion along the O2-Cu1-O2 i axis.…”

Section: Chemistry-a European Journalmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Like in 4, the coordination sphere is a square bipyramid due to Jahn-Teller-like distortion along the N1-Cu1-N1 i axis. The change of anion from nitrate (4) to chlorate (9) does not induce a change of bond lengths within the ligands. The bond lengths between the ligands and the copper(II) center are in the same range as in 4 (2.02-2.36 Å).…”

Section: Chemistry-a European Journalmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Two of them (N4 and N25) show a longer bond distance towards the copper(II) cation than the four other ligands. Hence, the copper(II) cation is coordinated in a square bipyramidal conformation, caused by a typical Jahn-Teller-like distortion, due to the electron configuration of [Ar]3d 9 of the copper(II) cation.…”

Section: Chemistry-a European Journalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the tetrazole moiety, with its high nitrogen content, has been introduced in several recent high-performing energetic materials [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] as well as potential pharmaceuticals [15][16][17] several 1 N-functionalised tetrazoles [18] such as 1-methyl-5Htetrazole [19] (1-MTZ) and 1-amino-5H-tetrazole [20] (1-AT) promoted the range of adjustability of energetic properties of ECCs. 1-MTZ is able to stabilize sensitive materials (e. g., AgCNO), thus performs well when desensitizing an energetic coordination compound, whereas 1-AT drastically increases the sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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1‐(Azidomethyl)‐5H‐Tetrazole: A Powerful New Ligand for Highly Energetic Coordination Compounds

Kofen

Lommel

Wurzenberger

et al. 2022

Chemistry A European J

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Highly energetic 1‐(azidomethyl)‐5H‐tetrazole (AzMT, 3) has been synthesized and characterized. This completes the series of 1‐(azidoalkyl)‐5H‐tetrazoles represented by 1‐(azidoethyl)‐5H‐tetrazole (AET) and 1‐(azidopropyl)‐5H‐tetrazole (APT). AzMT was thoroughly analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and multinuclear (1H, 13C, 14N, 15N) NMR measurements. Several energetic coordination compounds (ECCs) of 3d metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) and silver in combination with anions such as (per)chlorate, mono‐ and dihydroxy‐trinitrophenolate were prepared, giving insight into the coordination behavior of AzMT as a ligand. The synthesized ECCs were also analyzed by X‐ray diffraction experiments, elemental analysis, and IR spectroscopy. Differential thermal analysis for all compounds was conducted, and the sensitivity towards external stimuli (impact, friction, and ESD) was measured. Due to the high enthalpy of formation of AzMT (+654.5 kJ mol−1), some of the resulting coordination compounds are extremely sensitive, yet are able to undergo deflagration‐to‐detonation transition (DDT) and initiate pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Therefore, they are to be ranked as primary explosives.

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Section: Chemistry-a European Journalmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Chemistry-a European Journalmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Chemistry-a European Journalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

1‐(Azidomethyl)‐5H‐Tetrazole: A Powerful New Ligand for Highly Energetic Coordination Compounds

Kofen

Lommel

Wurzenberger

et al. 2022

Chemistry A European J

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“…Moreover, furazan ring‐based compounds have better densities and good oxygen balance as compared to 1,2,4‐triazole derivatives. Tetrazole [68] ring has a higher number of nitrogen contents and possesses comparable heat of formation to different azole rings. 5‐(4‐Azidofurazan‐3‐yl)‐1‐hydroxytetrazole 46 is a very attractive primary explosive consists of two different heterocyclic rings (tetrazole and furazan) joined via a C−C bond.…”

Section: Metal‐free Primary Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Energetic Properties of Trending Metal‐Free Potential Green Primary Explosives: A Review

et al. 2022

Self Cite

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The requirements for the chemical to act as a primary explosive, its importance, and the hazards associated with heavy‐metal‐based primary explosives are all well‐stated in this review. In addition, it outlined the limitations of the heavy‐metal‐free primary explosives already in use. This analysis underlines the importance of green primary explosives with updated information. It summarizes the possible candidates of metal‐free new generation green primary explosives, including their preparation routes, energetic properties, applications, and comparisons to traditional primary explosives. Furthermore, this analysis also aims to discuss the necessity for metal‐free primary explosives as well as the significant problem of replacing traditional primary explosives.

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Synthesis of Bridged Tetrazoles with Promising Properties and Potential Applications by a One‐Step Finkelstein Reaction

Lechner,

Riedelsheimer,

Endraß

et al. 2023

Chemistry A European J

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Numerous nitramine bridged compounds which show promising combinations of properties have already been identified in the area of energetic materials. In this work, four new nitrazapropane bridged tetrazoles, as well as four new trinitrazaheptane tetrazoles and three oxapropane bridged tetrazoles were synthesized and fully characterized. These new compounds can all be synthesized by a simple, one‐step synthesis using Finkelstein conditions. All of these new energetic materials were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X‐ray diffraction, vibrational analysis and elemental analysis. The thermal behaviour of these compounds was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and partly by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The BAM standard method was used to determine the sensitivities towards impact (IS) and friction (FS). The enthalpies of formation were calculated at the CBS‐4M level, and the energetic performances were calculated using the EXPLO5 (V6.06.01) computer code. The properties of the new compounds were compared to each other as well as to the known energetic material RDX. Moreover, the iron(II) and copper(II) perchlorate complexes with 1,3‐bis‐1,1‐tetrazolylnitrazapropane as ligand were prepared and investigated.

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Nitro-tetrazole based high performing explosives: Recent overview of synthesis and energetic properties

Cited by 52 publications

References 80 publications

1‐(Azidomethyl)‐5H‐Tetrazole: A Powerful New Ligand for Highly Energetic Coordination Compounds

1‐(Azidomethyl)‐5H‐Tetrazole: A Powerful New Ligand for Highly Energetic Coordination Compounds

Synthesis and Energetic Properties of Trending Metal‐Free Potential Green Primary Explosives: A Review

Synthesis of Bridged Tetrazoles with Promising Properties and Potential Applications by a One‐Step Finkelstein Reaction

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