Synthesis and Energetic Properties of Trending Metal‐Free Potential Green Primary Explosives: A Review

Abstract

The requirements for the chemical to act as a primary explosive, its importance, and the hazards associated with heavy‐metal‐based primary explosives are all well‐stated in this review. In addition, it outlined the limitations of the heavy‐metal‐free primary explosives already in use. This analysis underlines the importance of green primary explosives with updated information. It summarizes the possible candidates of metal‐free new generation green primary explosives, including their preparation routes, energetic properties, applications, and comparisons to traditional primary explosives. Furthermore, this analysis also aims to discuss the necessity for metal‐free primary explosives as well as the significant problem of replacing traditional primary explosives.

Valence-Oriented Electrosynthesis Strategies of Cu-Based 5-Nitrotetrazolate for Environmentally Acceptable Primary Explosives

“…Primary explosives represent a class of sensitive energetic materials that can be easily triggered by external stimuli (such as heat, sparks, impacts, and friction). − They are widely used in industrial initiating devices such as boosters and detonators for both military and commercial applications of rockets, weapons, mining, etc. , Today, the two most widely used primary explosives are still lead azide (LA) and lead styphnate (LS), even though lead-based primary explosives pose great risks to the environment and human health. , Additionally, LA is prone to degradation by moisture in the presence of carbon dioxide and thus generates dangerous hydrazoic acid, a toxic and explosive liquid with a low boiling point . For these reasons, the recent focus has centered on the development of minimally toxic and chemically inert explosive materials substituting for lead-based primary explosives.…”

Synthesis, Performance, and Thermal Behavior of Two Insensitive 3,4-Dinitropyrazole-Based Energetic Cocrystals

“…However, all of these requirements seem not to be simultaneously achievable. In military and industrial applications, new energetic materials are being synthesized, and modifications of currently used explosives are intensively undergoing investigation . This includes ultrafining, compositing or coating, and morphological control of the energetic materials .…”

“…In military and industrial applications, new energetic materials are being synthesized, and modifications of currently used explosives are intensively undergoing investigation. 3 This includes ultrafining, compositing or coating, and morphological control of the energetic materials. 4 Subsequent techniques do not alter the internal composition of the explosives, and the compositing and coating are confined to the explosives particles; the effectiveness of the modification is unfavorable.…”

2,4,6,8-Tetraazidopyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine: a novel energetic binary compound

“…4 The environmental concerns justify the replacement of conventionally used toxic heavy metal salt primary explosives (lead azide, lead styphnate) with eco-friendly substitutes. 5,6…”

“…4 The environmental concerns justify the replacement of conventionally used toxic heavy metal salt primary explosives (lead azide, lead styphnate) with eco-friendly substitutes. 5,6 Binary C x N y organic compounds are of great interest in materials science for synthesizing carbon nitride nanotubes for semiconductor, optoelectronic, and energy harvesting applications. 7,8 Common starting materials are binary polyazidoazines: 1,3,5-triazidotriazine (TAT), 9,10 4,4′,6,6′-tetraazido(azo)-1,3,5-triazine (TAAT) 11 and triazidoheptazine (TAH) 12 (Fig.…”