Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, are among the most often prescribed pain relievers. NSAIDs are a highly successful medicine class for pain and inflammation, but they are also known to cause gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiovascular side effects, and NSAID-induced nephrotoxicity. The pharmacodynamic action of these medicines is predominantly mediated by COX2 inhibition, whereas COX1 inhibition is largely responsible for the unfavourable effects. The activity of (COX-1) and COX2, and thus the synthesis of prostalglandin and thromboxanes, is inhibited by most NSAIDs. Inhibiting COX-2 is thought to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects, and that NSAIDs that also inhibit COX-1, such as aspirin, may cause gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics of NSAIDs as well as the medication class and method of action.
Human eye is one of the most sensitive organs of human body and is permanently exposed to different environmental agents. Common disease of human eye includes conjunctivitis, cataract, ocular allergies, glaucoma and inflammation, etc. Herbal drugs are the main stay for the treatment of ocular diseases in the recent past in view of the side effects of allopathic drugs. Main cause of blindness in the world is cataract among which 50% of cases are even in both developed and developing countries. Cataract is an ocular disorder which is very often treated by means of low cost and safe surgical procedure. This review helps in brief description of literature related different plant materials that helps in the treatment of cataract without surgery.
Antioxidants are substances that limit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can result in free radicals and chain reactions that can harm organisms' cells. Organisms have a complex network of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes that work together to protect cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids from oxidative damage. Although specific quantities of antioxidant vitamins in the diet are essential for optimum health, whether antioxidant-rich foods or supplements have anti-disease action is still being debated. Antioxidants are used as food additives to help prevent food spoilage. Antioxidants are a particularly significant kind of preservative because, unlike bacterial or fungal deterioration, oxidation processes occur quite quickly in frozen or refrigerated food. Antioxidants are commonly used in industrial goods. A common application is in fuels and lubricants as a stabiliser.
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