Antifeeding activity of soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) and its effect on nutrition indices and the microscopic structure of peritrophic membrane of the fifth-instar larvae of Spodoptera litura F. were studied. Antifeeding test was conducted by choice method. Discs of caisin leaf were dipped into the ether fraction of soursop leaf extract with concentrations of 0; 0.63; 2.50; and 10.00%. Nutrition indices and peritrophic membrane structure were observed by giving fifth-instar larvae one of the five diets, every group of diet was added to various concentrations of the ether fraction of soursop leaf extract, containing either 0; 0.63; 1.25; 2.50; and 5.00%. The result showed that soursop leaf extract had antifeeding activity at tested concentration 2.50%. Relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) were significantly lower in the case of treated larvae than that of the controls. However the efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), approximate digestibility (AD), and peritrophic membrane structure treated with soursop leaf extract were not significantly affected as compared to those in controls.
Kidney is very susceptible to damage by toxicological compounds such as carbon tetrachloride (CCL). CCL produce free radicals, which cause lipid peroxidation and kidney damage and free radical release, which can be prevented by the administration of exogenous antioxidants, such as Chlorella vulgaris. The aim of study was to determine an effect of antioxidant of C. vulgaris on the histopathological features of Wistar rat kidney which is induced by CCL. Experimental study with completely randomized design. The variable was histopathology features of the kidneys. The doses of C. vulgaris extract were 3 mg, 4 mg, and 5 mg per 100 grams of rat body weight (BW). The administration of C. vulgaris extract was performed within 30 days, while the CCl 4 induction (0.25 ml/100 g BW) was administered orally on the day 9, 12, 16, 19, 23, and 26. Parameters were histopathology features of renal damage, proportion of tubular cell damage, and Bowman's space diameter. The results showed the administration of C. vulgaris extract was able to reduce the impact of damage caused by CCl 4 (p<0.05). This was supported by histologic observations, which was showing a decrease of picnotic and vacuolated cells, normal brush border, and decrease of Bowman's space. In conclusion, 5 mg/100 g BW of C. vulgaris extract can effectively protect the kidney from damage caused by CCL. The results of this study strongly support further research on immunostimulant content test C. vulgaris and determine the efficient dose for representative mammals animals also in humans.
Aquaculture can be improved by a diversified approach in the form of domestication research of a wild fish. The research has been done by cultivating Javaen Barb/Brek (Puntius orphoides) from Serayu river, Banyumas at a natural pond and laboratory scale. Brek fish is relative slow in growth and development of gonad. This research is aimed to determine: (1) the rate of general growth of Brek in the provision of some kinds of additional food; (2) Relative Growth Rate (RGR); (3) Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion (FC). The research used experimental methods. The method was a completely randomized design (CRD) of 4 treatments and 3 replicationsof: A = 100% pellet; B = 70% soybean sprout and 30% pellet; C = 70% Ipomoea aquatica leaf and 30% pellet; D = 35% soybean sprouts, 35% I. aquatica leaf and 30% pellet. Quantitative data were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the fishes growth.The results show influence of feed types to the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of Javaean Barb. The best RGR with the value of 72.40 was given by feed types in the D combination. Meanwhile, Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion (FC) were not affected by the feed types. The study were expected to provide suggestions for efficient feeding techniques in attempts at domestication of wild fish. How to CiteSusatyo, P., Sugiharto, S., Hana, H., & Chasanah, T. (2016 METHODSJavaean barb, pelleted feed, soybean sprouts and Ipomoea aquatica. The fishes were selected from the maintenance pool (stem stock as product of our earlier research (Susatyo et al., 2009;Susatyo & Sugiharto, 2010). The selected fishes were the second filial/F2 with an average length of 14 cm and an average weight of 35 grams.Prepared as many as 12 pieces aquarium with size of 75 x 50 x 60 cm . Wells filled with water as high as two-thirds , and were equipped with aeration adequate and stable. Each aquarium was dotted with 10 Brek fish measuring an average length of 14 cm and an average weight of 35 grams. Brek fish to this growth test were the result of the sorting of the F2 stock (which was partly used as a parent for test gonadogenesis test and spawning test, some with have size of an average of 35 grams were used as the material of growth test).The analysis was Testing of their growth is an experimental test with a completely randomized design (CRD), 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments were tested consisting of : A = feed with 100 % pellets B = feed with 70 % of soybean sprouts and 30% pellets C = feed with 70 %of Ipomoea aquatica leaf and 30 % pellets D = feed with 35 % of soybean sprouts, 35 % I. aquatica leaf and 30 % pellets The feeds were given amount of 4 % of the weight of the biomass with combined percentage of feed. The amount of the feeds were given in every two weeks. Frequency of feeding was twice a day (08:00 AM and 16:00 PM).The feeds were given by way of stocked (for pellets and soybean sprout), to soybean sprouts were made a little bruised before it is given) and with a hanging method of I. aquatica leaf.The obse...
Abstract.The functional community is described depends on the function of species in utilization food (guild). The utilization of food is a process of energy transfers in the food chain and it is represented in the pyramid of numbers. The objective of this research was to analyze the structure community of fish and the guild compositions in Sempor Reservoir. This research applied a survey with purposive random sampling technique with four station in Sempor Reservoir. Sampling at each site was taken 4 replication with interval 1 monts. The composition and status of the guild is carried out by mesuring the guild based on the position of the mouth, tooth type, gill filter type, and ratio of body length and intestine. Guilds are composed of compositions depicted by a number pyramid based on the number of species per station. The results of this reserach captured 439 individuals consists of 14 species and belong to 6 families that dominated by Cyprinidae. The number and species of fish caught were the most at the Bangkong river inlet (142 individuals) and the lowest at the center of the reservoir (60 individuals). Comparison of the composition of fish guilds at the four stations in the Sempor Reservoir shows that the number of omnivorous and carnivorous fish is obtained more than herbivorous fish. The composition of the guild at Kalianget river inlet (72.9%) and Central reservoir (42.7%) was dominated by carnivorous fish, while at Pengantalan river inlet (52.9%) and Bangkong (58.9%) were dominated by omnivorous fish. The composition of herbivorous fish is at least at all stations so that in general the composition of fish guilds in the Sempor reservoir has not been balanced.Keywords: species composition, guild, pyramid of number,Sempor reservoir Abstrak. Komunitas secara fungsional menggambarkan fungsi spesies yang ditentukan dengan pemanfaatan sumber makanan (guild). Pemanfaatan makanan dalam rantai makanan merupakan proses transfer energi dan digambarkan dengan piramida jumlah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji komposisi dan tingkat status guild komunitas ikan yang tertangkap di perairan waduk Sempor. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survei dan teknik purposive random sampling pada 4 stasiun di Waduk Sempor. Sampling dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali tiap bulan. Komposisi dan status guild dengan mengukur guild berdasarkan posisi mulut, tipe gigi, tipe tapis insang, dan rasio panjang tubuh dan usus. Komposisi guild digambarkan dengan piramida jumlah berdasarkan jumlah spesies per stasiun. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 439 individu terdiri dari 8 Familia dan 14 Spesies yang di dominasi familia Cyprinidae. Jumlah dan jenis individu ikan yang tertangkap paling banyak pada inlet sungai Bangkong (142 individu) dan terendah pada bagian tengah waduk (60 individu). Perbandingan komposisi guild ikan pada empat stasiun di waduk Sempor menunjukkan bahwa jumlah ikan omnivora dan karnivora lebih banyak diperoleh daripada ikan herbivora. Komposisi guild pada inlet sungai Kalianget (72,9%) dan Tengah waduk (42,7%) di dominasi oleh ikan karnivora, sedangkan pada inlet sungai Pengantalan (52,9%) dan Bangkong (58,9%) di dominasi ikan omnivora. Komposisi ikan herbivora paling sedikit pada semua stasiun sehingga secara umum komposisi guild ikan di waduk Sempor belum seimbang.Kata kunci: komposisi jenis, guild, piramida jumlah, waduk Sempor
The decreased diversity of fish is partly due to the introduction of fish or foreign species into the waters. The impact of this entry is relatively vast, not only damaging the environment and genetic but also disturbing the indigenous species and spreading disease and parasites to the fish. This study aimed to analyze the fish diversity of introduced species and indigenous species captured in Penjalin Reservoir and the correlation between biodiversity and water quality. The method included a survey with five Stations of sampling. The present study caught 539 fish, consisted of seven families, ten breeds, and 11 species (six introduced and five indigenous). The diversity of introduced species was higher than that of the indigenous. The captured introduced fish were Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis sp, Oxyeletris marmorata, Clarias gariepinus, Cyprinus carpio, and Poecilia reticulata. The similarity index of fish diversity was almost equal across Stations. The O. marmorata species had the highest relative abundance and dominated Penjalin Reservoir. The diversity of introduced species was positively correlated with the parameters of depth, pH, and free CO2 in the center of the reservoir, while the Total Suspended Solid (TSS) of the indigenous species was in the inlet of the Garung river. The significance of the present research is to promote the conservation of fish resources and to maintain a balanced ecosystem, especially the existence of introduced species and indigenous species in the waters of Penjalin Reservoir.
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