The review focuses on recent developments in the synthetic methodologies of COFs and their applications in the field of organocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. Future scope of COFs in the field are also described.

This review provides guidelines for the function-oriented synthesis of 2D COFs from 3D solids to 2D sheets.

Introduction:The most commonly impacted tooth in the oral cavity is the mandibular third molar. Various etiologic factors have been suggested for impacted mandibular third molars. The pattern and prevalence of impacted mandibular third molars vary with different population and region. This study throws light on the prevalence and pattern of impacted mandibular third molars in Eritrea, East Africa. This is the first reported study regarding the same from Eritrea. Aim:To assess the prevalence and pattern of impacted mandibular third molars in the population of Eritrea, East Africa by conducting a retrospective study from January 2009 to January 2014. Materials and methods:This study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Orotta School of Medicine and Dental Medicine and the Orotta Referral Medical and Surgical Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea. A total of 1,813 clinical and radiographic records [orthopantomograms] were assessed and 276 cases were selected for the study as per the inclusion criteria. They were evaluated for the frequency among the various age groups, gender and region along with the sides affected, angulation and level of impaction. The presence of systemic conditions and associated pathologies was also assessed according to the type of impaction.

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Trichomonas vaginalis is the parasitic protozoan residing in human urogenital tract causing trichomoniasis, which is the leading non-viral sexually transmitted disease. It has cosmopolitan distribution throughout the globe and affects both men and women. Lifecycle of the parasite has been traditionally described as consisting of motile and symptom-causing trophozoites. Chemical and temperature perturbations in trophozoites have been shown to aid conversion to pseudocysts, which is poorly investigated. In the current study, we show the formation of viable cyst-like structures (CLS) in stationary phase of T. vaginalis axenic culture. We used a fluorescent stain called calcofluor white, which specifically binds to chitin and cellulose-containing structures, to score for T. vaginalis CLS. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated and quantitated the processes of encystation as well as excystation; thus, completing the parasite's lifecycle in vitro without any chemical/temperature alterations. Like cysts from other protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, T. vaginalis CLS appeared spherical, immotile, and resistant to osmotic lysis and detergent treatments. Ultrastructure of CLS demonstrated by Transmission Electron Microscopy showed a thick electron-dense deposition along its outer membrane. To probe the physiological role of CLS, we exposed parasites to vaginal pH and observed that trophozoites took this as a cue to convert to CLS. Further, upon co-culturing with cells of cervical origin, CLS rapidly excysted to form trophozoites which abrogated the cervical cell monolayer in a dose-dependent manner. To further corroborate the presence of two distinct forms in T. vaginalis, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and global, untargeted mass spectrometry to highlight differences in the proteome with trophozoites. Interestingly, CLS remained viable in chlorinated swimming pool water implicating the possibility of its role as environmentally resistant structures involved in non-sexual mode of parasite transmission. Finally, we showed that symptomatic human patient vaginal swabs had both T. vaginalis trophozoites and CLS; thus, highlighting its importance in clinical infections. Overall, our study highlights the plasticity of the pathogen and its rapid adaption when subjected to stressful environmental cues and suggests an important role of CLS in the parasite's life cycle, pathogenesis and transmission.

In this work, biologically significant 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones have been synthesized using a silica-coated magnetic-nanoparticle-supported 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO)-derived and acid-functionalized ionic liquid as the catalytic entity. The fabricated nanocomposite catalyzes the pseudo-three-component reaction of isatins and indoles explicitly via hydrogen-bonding interactions between substrates and the catalyst. The nanocatalytic system utilizes water as the green reaction medium to obtain a library of indolinones in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Besides, the catalyst could be easily recovered from the reaction mixture through simple external magnetic forces, which enables excellent recyclability of the catalyst for successive runs without appreciable loss in catalytic activity. Hence, the outcomes of the present methodology make the nanocatalyst a potential candidate for the development of green and sustainable chemical processes.

In this work, we have proposed a strategy for the synthesis of a mulberry-like mesoporous CoMoO4 anode material using a hydrothermal method with improved electrochemical performances for both lithium ion and sodium ion battery application. The electrochemical performances of the electrode are largely dependent on the morphology of the constituent material; thus, a unique mulberry-like mesoporous morphology of CoMoO4 was fabricated using a surface-active agent. The formation of this unique morphology is believed to take place due to the formation of primary nanoscaled particles at first followed by the arrangement into a mulberry-like mesoporous morphology. Among all the investigated architectures of CoMoO4 so far, this mulberry-like mesoporous morphology provides a high surface area, numerous reaction sites, and a high permeation of electrolytes, giving rise to an excellent electrochemical performance. More precisely, the mulberry-like CoMoO4 electrode shows a high reversible discharge capacity and long capacity retention (i.e., 1329.5 and 171.5 mAh g–1 at 200 mA g–1 after 100 cycles and 333.7 and 99.22 mAh g–1 at 4000 mA g–1 after 50 cycles for lithium and sodium ion batteries, respectively) due to these distinctive structural features. However, to choose the superior suitability of CoMoO4 for lithium and sodium ion batteries, a cyclability test was separately performed at a high current density of 1000 mA g–1. The obtained electrochemical data as well as ex situ SEM result highly favor the CoMoO4 electrode for sodium ion battery performances. Therefore, the proposed synthesis strategy, which produces a mulberry-like morphology of CoMoO4, makes it an alternative prominent high-performance anode for sodium ion battery applications.

Imaging amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation is critical for understanding the pathology and aiding the pre-symptomatic intervention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid aggregation consists of multiple phases with increasing viscosities and demands...