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One of the major challenges in our contemporary society is to facilitate healthy life for all human beings. In this context, cancer has become one of the most deadly diseases around the world, and despite many advances in theranostics techniques the treatment of cancer still remains an important problem. With recent advances made in the field of nano-biotechnology, carbon-based nanostructured materials have drawn special attention because of their unique physicochemical properties, giving rise to great potential for the diagnosis and therapy of cancer. This review deals with four different types of carbon allotrope including carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes and nanodiamonds and summarizes the results of recent studies that are likely to have implications in cancer theranostics. We discuss the applications of these carbon allotropes for cancer imaging and drug delivery, hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy and acoustic wave assisted theranostics. We focus on the results of different studies conducted on functionalized/conjugated carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes and nanodiamond based nanostructured materials reported in the literature in the current decade. The emphasis has been placed on the synthesis strategies, structural design, properties and possible mechanisms that are perhaps responsible for their improved theranostic characteristics. Finally, we discuss the critical issues that may accelerate the development of carbon-based nanostructured materials for application in cancer theranostics.

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Today, one of the major challenges is to provide green and powerful energy sources for a cleaner environment. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are promising candidates for energy storage devices, and have attracted considerable attention due to their high energy density, rapid response, and relatively low self-discharge rate. The performance of LIBs greatly depends on the electrode materials; therefore, attention has been focused on designing a variety of electrode materials. Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon nanostructure, which has a high specific surface area and high electrical conductivity. Thus, various studies have been performed to design graphene-based electrode materials by exploiting these properties. Metal-oxide nanoparticles anchored on graphene surfaces in a hybrid form have been used to increase the efficiency of electrode materials. This review highlights the recent progress in graphene and graphene-based metal-oxide hybrids for use as electrode materials in LIBs. In particular, emphasis has been placed on the synthesis methods, structural properties, and synergetic effects of metal-oxide/graphene hybrids towards producing enhanced electrochemical response. The use of hybrid materials has shown significant improvement in the performance of electrodes.

Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) physisorbed onto NiO nanoparticles (nNiO, 22 nm)— chitosan (CHIT) film prepared using coprecipitation method has been characterized using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The results of electrochemical response studies conducted on ChOx/nan-NiO-CHIT/ITO bioelectrode show linearity of 10–400 mg/dl, detection limit of 43.4 mg/dl, sensitivity of 0.808 μA/(mg dl cm2), fast response time of 15 s, and shelf-life of about 10 weeks. The low value of Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) obtained as 0.67 mM indicates high affinity of ChOx toward the substrate.

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Bioinspired metallic nanoparticles (BMN) have revolutionized the biomedical domain and are still developing rapidly. Hence, this review on BMN elaborates the properties, biosynthesis, biomedical applications, and its role in combating the SARS-CoV-2.