Fungi play an important role in litter decomposition in forest ecosystems and are considered an undersampled group in the Amazon biome. This study aims to describe the composition, richness and frequency of species of conidial fungi associated with palm trees in an area of the Amapá National Forest, State of Amapá, Brazil. Palm leaf litter was collected from July 2009 to June 2010, incubated in moist chambers and examined for the presence of fungi. One hundred and seven species of conidial fungi were identified, in 79 genera and 25 families. As for the relative frequency of the species, the majority (94.4%) was sporadic and occurred on leaflets. We report new records for South America (Chaetopsis intermedia, Chaetochalara laevis and Thysanophora verrucosa) and Brazil (Chloridium phaeosporum, Helminthosporiella stilbacea and Zygosporium geminatum), and 83 for the State of Amapá, while 15 are also new for the Brazilian Amazon. This study significantly increases the knowledge about the distribution of the fungal species in the Amazon biome, and emphasizes the importance of the conservation of these organisms particularly in view of the large number of sporadic species recorded.
A mineração tem se destacado em razão da diversidade e abundância de produtos que podem ser explorados dos ambientes naturais. Entretanto, esta atividade está fortemente associada a cenários de degradação ambiental e conflitos sociais. Em Ourém, município do nordeste paraense, a lavra de agregados para construção civil (areia, argila e seixo) é uma prática que já vem acontecendo há alguns anos. Diante disto, a presente pesquisa analisa a percepção ambiental de moradores atingidos direta ou indiretamente por atividade mineradora do referido município. A coleta de dados ocorreu com 154 residentes, utilizando: formulários estruturados; observação participante; conversas informais; entrevistas semiestruturadas e registros fotográficos. Os resultados mostram que os indivíduos estão mais preocupados com os problemas relacionados à segurança e ao emprego, em detrimento dos danos causados ao meio ambiente, inclusive com a mineração. Estatisticamente, as pessoas mais preocupadas com os agravos ambientais são os moradores com idade mais avançada, que residem há mais de 31 anos no município e possuem ocupação fixa. Sobre o trabalho das mineradoras, a população evidencia em proporção bem maior os impactos socioambientais negativos do que os positivos. Todavia, as pessoas demonstraram estar habituadas com os efeitos prejudicais da mineração e pouco se mobilizam para solicitar reparação de danos e contrapartidas sociais. As informações obtidas a partir dessas investigações são de suma importância como um registro de evidência científica disponível para a população e suas lideranças, tendo potencial de contribuir na articulação entre poder público e sociedade civil, bem como na elaboração de políticas públicas com base em projetos de diagnóstico ambiental que reflitam a visão dos diferentes atores envolvidos.
Mangroves in the Amazon are in uenced by several environmental conditions that determine the composition and structural development of the arboreal ora, which results in different distribution patterns. In this study, we sought to answer two questions: (1) what is the composition and structure of the mangroves near the mouth of the Amazon River in Marajó Island? (2) Are the fringe and inland mangroves more similar or dissimilar in terms of oristic composition? For this, we delimited a fringe zone and an inland zone about 1 km apart from each other. In each zone, we distributed ve 400-m 2 plots. The individuals were grouped into diameter and height classes and structural and phytosociological parameters were calculated. Ten species were recorded in the mangroves, of which seven are typical of white-water (várzea) and black-water (igapó) ooded forest ecosystems. We believed the adjacent ecosystems and the hydrological network are inducing the establishment of such species. The composition and structure of mangroves did not differ statistically between zones, and the degree of similarity may be a result of similar environmental factors in these zones such as low relief and high frequency of macrotides. We conclude that the vegetation of the studied mangroves has a major in uence of the uvial-marine system of the great rivers of the Amazon associated with a diversity of ecosystems that, together, generate greater oristic richness when compared to mangroves in other regions.
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