Background: In Bandar Lampung, the highest case of diarrhea in the <1 year age group occurred in Simpur Health Center, amounting to 9.73% exceeding the incidence in Bandar Lampung City, the capital, at 2.68%. The Objective: The study used a cross-sectional design with the aim of knowing the effect of the microbiological quality of clean water on the incidence of diarrhea in infants through the cleanliness of cutlery and hands. Method: The type of this research was quasi-experiment with the pre-test and post-test with group design. A total number of the subject was 139 households with infants aged 1-11 months. The study was carried out in the work area of Simpur City Health Center Bandar Lampung. Result:The results of the study found that coli bacteria contaminated 62.6% of clean water sources, 82.0% of mother's hands contaminated and 59.7% of baby eating utensils contaminated with coli bacteria. The risk of pollution of fresh water in water sources whose distance and construction do not meet the requirements of 16.87 times and 13.29 times, respectively. The risk of hand contamination due to bad behavior and hand washing methods is 15.65 times and 15.47 times, respectively. Further, the risk of disease of cutlery due to inadequate washing and storage is 9.32 times and 9.96 times, respectively. The risk of diarrhea in the group whose source of contaminated clean water and contaminated hands is 3.74 times and the risk of diarrhea in the group whose sources of fresh water are polluted and how to wash their hands poorly is 3.33 times. The magnitude of the risk of diarrhea in the group whose sources of clean water are contaminated and how to wash the cutlery is 7.37 times. Conclusions: Good storage of cutlery is a protective factor for the incidence of diarrhea in infants.

BACKGROUND: The housefly, Musca domestica L., spreads disease by contaminating food. However, chemical insecticides used to combat houseflies can pollute the environment and can harm non-target insects and humans; this demands safer alternatives and pest control options. AIM: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Piper betle L. leaf extract as a bio-pesticide against houseflies. METHODS: This study using a factorial design with six variations in concentration (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%), four variations in contact time (15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes), and 5-day-old M. domestica adults that were bred from residential areas. RESULTS: The results show that mortality was affected by concentration (p-value < 0.000), contact time (p-value < 0.000), and the interaction between concentration and contact time (p-value = 0.0007). Of the three, concentration had the greatest effect. CONCLUSION: As such, the use of Piper betle L. extract is a suitable, cheap, and environmentally safe method for controlling M. domestica.

<p>DHF is still a serious problem, especially in children in endemic countries. An estimated 3,6 billion people are at risk and 21,000 deaths each year. Indonesia, in 2018 there were 65,602 cases (IR=24,75 per 100,000 population), with the death of 467 people (CFR=0,71%), and 85.6% of districts in Indonesia reported dengue cases. The climate becomes one of the environmental factors that play a role in the number of cases. Google scholar is used as the main source for finding articles related to DHF and climate published during 2015-2019. The inclusion criteria set forth, are articles that must be published in international journals, published in 2015-2019, must discuss Indonesia, and must assess the effect of climate change on DHF. A total of 52 articles were found, but only 6 articles met the inclusion criteria. Using various analytical methods, all articles obtain climate variability related to the incidence of DHF, through vector abundance. The dynamics of DHF is a very complex system, so it is necessary to combine additional factors other than climate to predict it. The development of an early warning and monitoring system is important, in addition to strengthening the role of households in controlling DHF.</p>

Photoreactivation Risk on Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water Refills in Bandar Lampung City. Photoreactivation is a direct process of repairing a damaged DNA with the help of ultraviolet in the range of 320-370 nm. Research is designed to acknowledge the effect of time exposure and UV vis ray's intensity to numbers of Coliforms and E.coli. The results prove the effect of UV exposure time on the increase of coliform which is 60,2% (p-value=0,0001). The increase of coliform happens after 180th minutes of exposure. But, in this research there is no effect of UV's intensity towards both numbers of coliform (p-value = 0,152) and E.Coli (pvalue=0,578). Besides buying a refilled mineral water from a water depot whose disinfecting with UV ray and ozone combined, closing the gallon of mineral water since the first day being used to avoid being exposed by UV vis ray from the sun is a must-do to avoid photoreactivation process. Keywords:Coliform, E.coli, Photoreactivation, UV vis Abstrak: Risiko Fotoreaktivasi terhadap Kualitas Mikrobiologi Air Minum Isi Ulang di Kota Bandar Lampung. Fotoreaktivasi merupakan proses perbaikan DNA yang rusak secara langsung dengan bantuan sinar ultraviolet dalam rentang 320-370 nm. Penelitian dirancang untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu pemaparan dan intensitas sinar UV vis terhadap jumlah Coliform dan E.coli. Hasil penelitian membuktikan adanya pengaruh waktu pemaparan sinar UV vis terhadap peningkatan jumlah Coliform yaitu sebesar 60,2% (p-value=0,0001). Peningkatan jumlah Coliform terjadi setelah menit ke-180 pemaparan. Namun, pada penelitian ini tidak terdapat pengaruh intensitas sinar UV vis terhadap jumlah Coliform (p-value=0,152) maupun E.coli (pvalue=0,758). Selain membeli air minum isi ulang dari depot air minum yang melakukan proses desinfeksi dengan kombinasi sinar UV dan ozon, menutup galon air minum sejak pertama digunakan agar tidak terpapar sinar UV vis dari matahari merupakan upaya yang harus dilakukan untuk menghindari proses fotoreaktivasi. Kata kunci: Coliform, E.coli, Fotoreaktivasi, UV visHasil Riskesdas tahun 2013 mendapatkan bahwa proporsi rumah tangga di Indonesia yang memiliki akses terhadap sumber air minum sebesar 66,8%, yaitu membeli air kemasan atau isi ulang (30,7%), sumur gali terlindung (22,5%), PDAM (13,5%), sumur bor (12,8%), mata air terlindung (7,6%), penampungan air hujan (2,9%), dan sumber air tidak sehat (10%). Pada kelompok yang membeli air kemasan atau isi ulang, proporsi masing-masing sebesar 9,7% dan 21%. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan air minum isi ulang merupakan proporsi terbesar setelah sumur gali terlindung.Air minum isi ulang diproduksi di depot air minum. Depot air minum adalah badan usaha yang mengelola air minum untuk keperluan masyarakat dalam bentuk curah dan tidak dikemas (Kemenkes RI, 2010).Proses pengolahan air minum yang dilakukan di depot air minum melalui dua tahap, yaitu penyaringan dan desinfeksi (Deperindag, 2004). Ada tiga metode yang sering digunakan pada proses desinfeksi air minum, yaitu metode sinar ult...

The global commitment to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) establishes access to safe drinking water and healthy sanitation for all residents. This study analyzes the financing and economic benefits of drinking water and sanitation service interventions using the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach. The study used secondary data from the Health Office, the Bandar Lampung City Manpower Office, and the publication of research results. Intervention costs include the fixed and annual operating costs of the intervention. Benefits are calculated from the savings in health recovery costs, avoiding lost time from work, school, and waiting for sick children, and the acquisition of productive time. The study results get a total investment cost of $ 2.113.190 and a total benefit of $ 44.727.436. Efforts to improve water and sanitation services are effective and efficient (0,057% of GDP) and profitable ($ 22,20 return for every $ 1 investment). These results provide strong evidence for planners and decision-makers that improving water and sanitation services provides value for returns, both social and economic, and prove the possibility of accelerating the achievement of SDGs commitments.

The increase in population due to the birth rate has put pressure on meeting the water needs of the people. In 2050, the global demand for clean water is to meet the needs of 9.7 billion people. One of the strategies developed for sustainable water use is rainwater harvesting (RWH). From many reports, the RWH system can meet household water needs. However, it needs special attention from the quality aspect due to pollution. This paper presents the factors affecting water quality in the RWH system through three stages. The first stage is when rainfall clears pollutants in the air. In the second stage, the rain removes dirt and particles in the catchment area-the third, flushing dirt on pipes and storage tanks. Maintenance must be done to all parts of the RWH system periodically and must be treated and disinfection before being used as drinking water.

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Pesticide poisoning is still an important health problem in agricultural areas, especially horticultural agriculture. Various chronic health effects can be caused by long-term exposure to pesticides. This study aims to determine the risk factor of pesticide poisoning in horticultural farmers in West Lampung Regency. The study used a cross sectional design which was conducted in four different areas as the center of horticulture agriculture, West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The study involved 289 participants by interviewing, observing and examining blood samples to measure cholinesterase levels as an indicator of pesticide poisoning. In this section, we have applied research ethical procedures. The obtained data were analyzed using Chi squre test, Odds Ratio test and Logistic Regression. The results showed that the risk factors for pesticide poisoning were incomplete use of personal protected equipment (PPE), spraying with the wrong dose and spraying frequency. Unwearing a complete PPE had a 4.54 times (OR = 4.54; 95% CI 2.09-9.83) higher risk of experiencing pesticide poisoning, and statistically suggested, a very significant relationship (p-value = 0.0001). While the use of excessive dosage has a risk of 4.39 times (OR = 4.39; 95% CI 1.87-10.33; p-value = 0.001); and the frequency of spraying more than twice a week had a 2.33 times higher risk of experiencing pesticide poisoning (OR = 2.33; 95% CI 1.24-4.40; p-value = 0.009). Excessive use of pesticide dosage and the frequency of spraying with the cover blanked method are the main factors of pesticide exposure to farmers. On the other hand, the use of PPE is a method of protection from exposure. It needs joint efforts through increasing knowledge about the dangers of pesticides, pesticide management, how to work safely, and the use of PPE.