Clinico-bacteriological study was done in 51 leprosy patients below 14 years of age. Majority of the patients were males in the age group of 11 -14 years. Nearly 84% had not received any prior treatment because of lack of awareness and financial constraints. Only 11.76% had a positive contact history. Skin lesions were present in all cases and 84.3% had lesions mainly on the exposed areas of the body and their number was found to increase significantly with advancing age (p < 0.005). These lesions were hypo-pigmented patches in 88% cases. 88% of cases had hypo-anesthesia and nerve thickening was observed in 24% cases. The most common type of skin lesion was borderline tuberculoid (BT) in 53% cases. Positivity of the skin smears increased significantly as the number of the skin lesions per patient increased (p < 0.001). Multibacillary cases were seen in 15.6% of cases and found only in the age group of 10 -14 years of age. No statistically significant association between BCG vaccination and prevention of leprosy was seen.
Cor-triatriatum dexter is an extremely rare congenital anomaly, in which right atrium is divided into 2 halves by a septum giving rise to 3 atrial chambers. We report here a case of cor-triatriatum dexter who presented at 3 days of life with tachypnea and did not respond to antibiotics. Echocardiography revealed ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) with right to left flow, intact interventricular septum (IVS), severe tricuspid regurgitation with pulmonary arterial hypertension and a membranous structure dividing right atrium into 2 halves with good biventricular function. The patient improved with sildenafil and anti-failure medication. This case of cor-triatriatum dexter presenting with pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid regurgitation and ASD added to the new spectrum of cor-triatriatum dexter.
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection in children. Even a single confirmed UTI is serious, due to the potential for recurrent UTI, parenchymal damage, hypertension and renal failure.
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common types of primary glomerulonephritis in the world. Nephrotic syndrome is an uncommon presentation of IgAN. To evaluate the clinico-pathological features and treatment response of nephrotic IgAN, we prospectively studied 20 nephrotic children with biopsy-proven IgAN at our center from August 2009 to December 2012. The histopathological characterization of IgAN was carried out with the HAAS classification. The demographic profile, clinical presentation, initial laboratory, biopsy findings and treatment response were analyzed. The mean age was 6.7 years. The most common indication of renal biopsy was steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome associated with microscopic hematuria (65%) and hypertension (25%). The majority of cases were classified as HAAS-III stage. Fifteen cases responded to oral cyclosporine-A, four cases to oral cyclophosphamide and one to mycophenolate mofetil. Complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome was achieved in 90% (18/20) cases within 3 months of initiation of therapy. Two cases that had partial remission were in the HASS-II and III stages. We conclude that the majority of children with nephrotic IgAN responded to oral cyclosporine-A. However, a larger cohort and longer duration follow-up are required to confirm our results.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.