On this study has been conducted product standardization of ginger and red ginger simplicias as one of post-harvest processed form. To get ginger and red ginger simplicia product with high quality, has been done the optimization on the stage of washing, slicing, and drying process. Optimization has done in a range of 1-3 minutes washing time and raw material sliced thickness of 0.15 cm and 0.30 cm. In addition, the production of the entire simplicia has done with three drying methods, including sundried, sunlight through the intermediary of black fabric and dried by the oven. Specifically for the dried by the oven, has conducted optimization on the drying temperatures of 70° C; 85° C; 100˚C; and 115˚C. The analysis results of active compound content in the simplicia product indicates that the product of ginger and red ginger simplicia with optimum quality has obtained from the production process by washing time for 1 minute, slicing thickness of 0.15 cm, and oven drying method using temperature of 115° C. The ginger and red ginger simplicia product with optimum active compound content obtained by drying time, each for 310 minutes and 280 minutes. The ginger simplicia products contain essential oils, oleoresins, zingiberene in essential oils, gingerol and shogaol in the oleoresins, each by 1.7%; 0.86%; 56.90%; 42.50%; and 21.54%. Meanwhile, the red ginger simplicia products contain essential oils, oleoresins, zingiberene in essential oils, gingerol and shogaol in the oleoresins, each by 2.11%; 0.88%; 78.60%; 80.06%; and 8.02%. Thus, it can be said that, overall, red ginger simplicia product contains an active compound higher than the ginger simplicia product.

The potential of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) as an alternative to depleting fossil fuels has been investigated. To optimize performance and efficiency, the effectiveness of PVDF and PVDF nanofiber (NF) membrane-based electrolytes in suppressing solvent leakage and evaporation in liquid electrolyte systems was evaluated. SEM results for PVDF NF membranes showed the formation of a network with a three-dimensional structure with a diameter of 100–300 nm and an average thickness of 0.14 mm. The Infrared (IR) spectrum shows the electrolyte and polymer-PVDF interactions. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) curve shows the melting transition of PVDF NF 7.66% lower than PVDF. Efficiency and resistance of DSSC based on natural dyes as measured by multimeter and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) at a solar intensity of 100 mW/cm2 showed the highest efficiency of anthocyanin-based DSSC from telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) flower extract. Its use as a photosensitizer in an electrolyte system based on PVDF NF membranes resulted in an efficiency that was not significantly different from that of liquid electrolytes (1.69%).

The asymmetric polysulfone/polyvinylidene fluoride composite membranes with vary polyvinylidene fluoride levels in coating dope were prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation. N-methyl pyrrolidinone and distilled-water were used as a combination of solvent and non-solvent, while ammonium chloride was applied as a porogenic additive in the system. Physical characteristics of the prepared membranes were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The membranes performance was analyzed in term of pure water flux, porosity, mechanical properties respectively. Results showed a good interaction between polyvinylidene fluoride material and polysulfone matrix. The polyvinylidene fluoride coating on the polysulfone matrix has increased the small pore quantity in the skin layer and strengthened the mechanical strength of the membrane. In addition, increased porosity with increasing doses of polyvinylidene fluoride in the dope solution does not necessarily increase the pure water flux of the membranes.

Asymmetric polysulfone (PSf)

The increased characteristics and performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane were investigated using polyetherimide (PEI) as a high-performance co-polymer for increased porosity, mechanical strength, PWF and thermal also chemical stability. The blend solution was prepared using a composition 2%PVDF/12%PEI/84%NMP/2%PEG-6000 (wt.%) with varying stirring time (7h, 12h, 16h, and 20h). The formation of a solid PVDF/PEI membrane was obtained using a non-solvent induced phase inversion (NIPS) method. Analysis of physical (surface and cross-section morphology, porosity, pore size) and mechanical (Young's modulus) characteristics, performance (PWF), thermal and chemical stability of the blended membranes were performed to evaluate the significance of stirring time effect. The resulting infrared spectra have confirmed the formation of PVDF/PEI blended membrane. All PVDF/PEI blended membranes were found to have symmetric structures with porosity 6.17% -30.64% and pore size 0.204 nm -0.366 nm. The increase in mechanical strength can be seen from changes in Young's modulus values as the stirring time increases up to 12 hours. However, the stirring time for 16 and 20 hours resulted in a cast solution with too high viscosity resulting in a defect in the casting film using the automatic-casting knife. Increasing the homogeneity of PVDF/PEI cast solution as increasing stirring time has led to PEI characteristic properties that are capable of producing high PWF. This PVDF/PEI mixing method is a potential solution to obtain higher PVDF thermal stability and PEI chemical resistance.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of learning devices using the 5E learning cycle model to improve students' mastery of concepts and generic science skills in electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions. This research is a type of pre-experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design research design. The research subjects were 21 students of class X MIPA-1 MA YKUI Maskumambang, Gresik, East Java. The methods used in data collection include validation and tests. The research data were analyzed descriptively and the n-gain analysis was used to determine the increase in students' mastery of concepts and generic science skills. The results showed: (1) students' mastery of concepts in electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions was 0.8 with high criteria; (2) The average score of the students' mastery of concepts on electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions was 89; (3) Increasing students' generic science skills on electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solution material by 0.8 with high criteria; and (4) The average value of generic science skills for observation skills is 96 with predicate A. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the learning device using the 5E learning cycle model is effective in improving students' mastery of concepts and skills in electrolyte and non-electrolyte solution material.

This research aims at understanding the effect of Socioscientific Issues (SSI)-based interactive multimedia (MMI) on the gadget (MMI-SSI-GADGET) toward the junior high school student’s critical thinking skills. The research was conducted in two stages. The first stage was the preparation, which was done to design the learning tools. The next stage was the teaching and learning process in the classroom using pre-test post-test design. The subjects of the research were 28 students of class VII A3 at MTsN 3 Trenggalek. The results of this research showed that the validity score for the learning tools was 3.84 with a percentage of 98.04%, which was categorized as very valid. The practicality percentage was 88.5% which was categorized as very practical, and the N-gain effectiveness was 0,77, which was categorized as very good. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that SSI-based MMI on gadgets was categorized as 'very suitable' to improve the junior high school students' critical thinking

In this study, graphene oxide was made by using improved method of Hummer for paracetamol detection by cyclic voltammetry. The main reason for using graphene oxide electrode for paracetamol detection is the conductive nature of graphene oxide. The cathodic current peak in the graphene oxide electrode has a more sensitive value than the carbon paste electrode. Paracetamol detection of cyclic voltammetric detection has several factors used to accurately detect paracetamol. Factors that can affect the electrode composition, the pH of the solution, the deposition time and the scan rate. In this study, paracetamol detection using graphene oxide electrode has the optimum electrode composition in the ratio of graphene oxide with paraffin 8:2. The pH of optimum solution for detection of paracetamol is 6, 5second deposition time and scan rate 200 mV/s. Graphene oxide electrode has a detection limit of up to 0.494 ppm or 0.00327 mM (3.27 µM) with recovery 99.615 %. The proposed sensor shows good selectivity, sensitivity, stable repetition and precision.