The aim of this study was to characterize tinctures and microcapsules loaded with an ethanol extract of red propolis through chemical, physicochemical and microbiological assays in order to establish quality control tools for nutraceutical preparations of red propolis. The markers (isoflavonoids, chalcones, pterocarpans, flavones, phenolic acids, terpenes and guttiferones) present in the tinctures A and B were identified and confirmed using LC/ESI/FTMS/Orbitrap. Four compositions (A, B, C and D) were prepared to contain B tincture of the red propolis with some pharmaceutical excipients and submitted to two drying processes, i. e. spray-drying and freeze-drying to obtain microcapsules loaded with the red propolis extract. The tinctures and microcapsules of the red propolis were submitted to the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity tests. The antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were tested using Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25293 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strains. The tinctures and microcapsules presented high flavonoid quantities from 20.50 to 40.79 mg/100 mg of the microcapsules. The antioxidant activity and IC50 were determined for the tinctures A and B (IC50: 6.95 µg/mL and 7.48 µg/mL), the spray-dried microcapsules (IC50: 8.89–15.63 µg/mL) and the freeze-dried microcapsules (IC50: 11.83–23.36 µg/mL). The tinctures and microcapsules were proved to be bioactive against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria with inhibition halos superior to 10 mm at concentration of 200 µg/mL and MIC values of 135.87–271.74 µg/mL using gram-positive strain and 271.74–543.48 µg/mL using gram-negative strain. The tinctures and microcapsules of the red propolis have a potential application for nutraceutical products.

BackgroundPropolis is a natural substance produced by bees and is known to have antimicrobial activity. Our aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of micellar nanocomposites loaded with an ethyl acetate extract of Brazilian red propolis as a cavity cleaning agent and its influence on the color and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of the dentin/resin interface.MethodsAn ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) assay was used to determine the flavonoids and isoflavones present in an ethyl acetate extract of Brazilian red propolis (EARP) and micellar nanocomposites loaded with EARP (MNRP). The antimicrobial activity of EARP and MNRP was tested against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans. One of the following experimental treatments was applied to etched dentin (phosphoric acid, 15 s): 5 μL of MNRP (RP3, 0.3%; RP6, 0.6%; or RP1, 1.0% w/v), placebo, and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Single Bond adhesive (3 M/ESPE) was applied and a 4-mm-thick resin crown (Z350XT, 3 M/ESPE) was built up. After 24 h, the teeth were sectioned into sticks for the μTBS test and scanning electron microscopy. Spectrophotometry according to the CIE L*a*b* chromatic space was used to evaluate the color. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test or Kruskal-Wallis test and the same test for pairwise comparisons between the means (P < 0.05).ResultsThe UPLC-DAD assay identified the flavonoids liquiritigenin, pinobanksin, pinocembrin, and isoliquiritigenin and the isoflavonoids daidzein, formononetin, and biochanin A in the EARP and micellar nanocomposites. EARP and MNRP presented antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and for Candida albicans. ΔE values varied from 2.31 to 3.67 (P = 0.457). The mean μTBS for RP1 was significantly lower than for the other groups (P < 0.001). Dentin treated with RP1 showed the shortest resin tags followed by RP6 and RP3.ConclusionsThe EARP and (MNRP) showed antimicrobial activity for the main agents causing dental caries (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and for Candida albicans. MNRP at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.6% used as a cavity cleaner do not compromise the aesthetics or μTBS of the dentin/resin interface.

Foi estudada a neurólise química dos nervos Palmares em 10 eqüinos. Usando-se uma ferradura especial para induzir claudicação, a locomoção avaliada ao passo e trote e os graus foram registrados antes e após a injeção perineural do álcool benzílico 0,75% (Grupo A) e o álcool etílico absoluto (Grupo B). Os testes mostraram que ambos os neurolíticos dessensibilizaram completamente a sola dos animais a partir de 30 dias, assim permanecendo até o 150º dia nos animais do Grupo A, quando ocorreu retorno progressivo da sensibilidade. Já no Grupo B, aos 180 dias, a sensibilidade permanecia ausente. A análise histopatológica revelou que nos nervos infiltrados com álcool benzílico 0,75% prevaleceram lesões próprias de axonotemese, sugerindo tendência de regeneração e restabelecimento da condução nervosa, enquanto que nos nervos infiltrados com álcool etílico absoluto, prevaleceram lesões simuladoras de neurotemese, com degeneração nervosa permanente. Concluiu-se que os álcoois utilizados foram eficientes bloqueadores temporários ou permanentes dos nervos Palmares em eqüinos.

The present study identified the main endoparasites present in donkeys (Equus asinus) used in skin exploitation located in Cando municipality, Bahia State, Northeast of Brazil. The samples were collected from September 2019. Feces were collected from the rectal ampulla of 34 animals, macroscopically visualized for parasitic forms, and microscopically evaluated to identify endoparasites forms using the McMaster method. Parasitological results were associated with sex, age, and bodyweight Stata Corp LLC 14. Endoparasites were found in 82.3% of the animals, with the egg count ranging from 50 to 1050 eggs per gram (EPG). The sole presence of superfamily Trichostronglylidae was observed in 67.6% of the donkeys, in 8.8% co-infected by Trichostronglylidae and Eimeria spp., while Trichostronglylidae and Strongyloides westeri was detected in 2.9%, and simultaneous infection by Trichostronglylidae, Strongyloides westeri, and Oxyuris equi was observed in 2.9%. The occurrence of parasitic infections varies according to nutritional status, age, sex, and environmental exposure (p>0.05). A high occurrence of infection was observed in young animals and those with lower body weight.

RESUMO:Milhares de pessoas utilizam a carroça tracionada por equídeos como meio de trabalho ou suplementação de renda no âmbito mundial. Poucas são as pesquisas envolvendo a caracterização biométrica dos animais e as medidas dos equipamentos de atrelagem, buscando classificar os equídeos pela capacidade de tração, propondo discussões cientificamente embasadas acerca da capacidade de carga por animal, consequentemente diminuindo os maus tratos e dimensionando o trabalho de forma proporcional e coerente. Objetivou-se determinar parâmetros zoométricos ligados a ezoognósia, caracterizando tipologia e medidas relacionadas à veículos de atrelagem de 234 equídeos de tração no município de Arapiraca-Alagoas, Brasil. Foram obtidas medidas morfoestruturais lineares e perimetrais, calculando-se os índices zoométricos: índice corporal, peso estimado, índice dáctilo-torácico, índice de carga a passo e índice de carga a galope. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância e teste de médias (Skott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade). Os muares representaram 76% (179) dos animais estudados, os equinos 21% (49) e os asininos 3% (6). Em todas as medidas morfoestruturais e índices zoométricos, com exceção do índice corporal onde os asininos apresentaram a maior média, verifica-se diferença (P<0,05) entre as espécies com os equinos sempre apresentando maiores valores, seguidos pelos muares e asininos. Não há adequação em relação às medidas das atrelagens, verificando-se diferença estatística (P<0,05) apenas para os veículos tracionados por asininos. Os equinos e muares utilizados por condutores de carroças são classificados como equídeos de pequeno porte, com propensão à tração leve. Palavras-chave: carroça; equídeos urbanos; índices; medidas BIOMETRIC STANDARD, WAGON MEASURES AND LOAD INDEX OF URBAN CART EQUIDS OF ARAPIRACA CITY, ALAGOASABSTRACT: Thousands of people use the cart pulled by horses as a means of work or supplemental income in the world. But there are few studies involving the animal biometric characterization and wagon measures, seeking classify equids for traction capacity and propose scientifically sound discussions about the load capacity per animal, thus reducing maltreatment. The aim of this paper was to determine the zoometric standard, typology and wagon measures of the 234 cart equids from Arapiraca city, Alagoas state, Brazil. Morphostructural linear and perimeter measurements were obtained, calculating the zoometric indexes: body index, estimated weight, dactyl-thoracic index, work walking index and work galloping index. The variables were subjected to analysis of variance and means test (Skott-Knott 5% probability). The mules represented 76% (179) of the animals, horses 21% (49) and donkeys 3% (6). In all measurements and indexes studied, except where the donkeys body index had the highest average, there is a statistical difference (P <0.05) between species with the highest values always with horses, mules and followed by donkeys. There are no adequate in relation to the wagon measures, verifying differen...

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About 800 donkeys that were confined in a restrictive area used in a manner comparable to a warehouse for receiving donkeys for slaughter were abandoned. After receiving reports of mistreatment, civilians acted to save the animals. A task force was organized that planned veterinary and zootechnical actions and activities for daily health management, feeding, and clinical care to attend to the abandoned donkeys. Positive cases were diagnosed for glanders, equine infectious anemia, equine herpesvirus, and equine babesiosis. The objective of this communication is to bring to the attention of the scientific community the interventions in the area of animal health and welfare, to address the episode of northeast donkeys that were victims of international trade. It is fundamental to change the approach related to the management of donkeys in Brazil, and appeal to the necessity to identify ethical and sustainable ways to incorporate donkeys in Brazil in the 21st century.

RESUMO:O bloqueio dos nervos palmares é uma técnica de anestesia regional que possibilita realização de diagnóstico de claudicações e analgesia na região distal do membro torácico de equinos. Este trabalho objetivou comparar a eficácia da bupivacaína 0,5% (BUPI) e ropivacaína 0,5% (ROPI) sem vasoconstritor no bloqueio dos nervos palmares, guiado por eletroestimulação. Após colocação de ferradura indutora de claudicação no membro torácico direito, proporcionando claudicação grau (GC) 3, e localização do nervo palmar: cinco equinos adultos hígidos e não portadores de processos inflamatórios, foram submetidos à infiltração de 5 mL de BUPI e ROPI em cada nervo, avaliando-se o GC a cada 15 minutos, até o tempo de retorno ao GC 3. Todos os animais participaram dos dois grupos, com intervalo entre bloqueios de 45 dias. Foram comparados os seguintes parâmetros de resposta anestésica: tempo de latência sensitiva (TL), tempo de latência para efeito máximo (TLM), tempo do efeito sensitivo (TE) e tempo de duração do efeito máximo (TEM) por meio do teste de Wilcoxon. A técnica de eletroestimulação nervosa foi eficaz em 100% dos animais. O TL médio da Bupivacaína foi de 5,0 minutos, aproximadamente dez minutos menor que o da ROPI (p<0,05), mostrando que o primeiro fármaco apresenta ação mais rápida para bloqueios perineurais diagnósticos ou analgésicos pré-cirúrgicos. Em relação ao TLM e TEM não foi observada diferença entre os anestésicos (p>0,05), entretanto, em relação ao T, a bupivacaína apresentou média de 230 minutos, maior tempo de analgesia em relação à ROPI (p<0,05). A partir desta pesquisa, conclui-se que o uso de bupivacaína apresentou efeitos analgésicos superiores à ropivacaína nos bloqueios dos nervos palmares de equinos hígidos. Palavras-chave: claudicação; membros torácicos; anestesia perineural; anestésicos locais ABSTRACT:The palmar nerve block is a technique which enables performing diagnostic lameness and analgesia in the distal region of the equine forelimb.This paper aimed to compare the efficacy of bupivacaína 0,5% (BUPI) and ropivacaine 0.5% (ROPI) without vasoconstrictor in palmar nerves, guided by electrical stimulation. After placing horse bar shoe lameness inducer in the right forelimb, providing lameness grade (CG) 3, and location of the palmar nerve with electrical stimulator, five healthy adult horses and noncarriers of inflammatory processes, underwent infiltration of 5 mL of BUPI and ROPI without vasoconstrictor in each nerve, viewing the GC every 15 minutes until the time of return to GC 3. All animals participated in the two groups, with an interval between blocks of 45 days. The following parameters were compared anesthetic response: time sensory latency (TL), time of latency to maximum effect (TLM), time sensory effect (TE) and time of duration of maximum effect (TEM) by using the Wilcoxon test. The technique for electrical stimulation was successful in 100% of horses. The TL of BUPI was five minutes, ten minutes shorter than the ROPI (p <0.05), showing that the first drug has faster actio...