The acute inflammatory response to interval exercise is intensity-dependent. Although obesity influences the basal concentrations of several cytokines, only HIIE induced important alterations in IL-8 and IL-10 levels, which may have important implications in the control of chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity.

Funding informationWe are grateful to the Brazilian agencies Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) -Finance Code 001, CAPES (CAPES-PNPD -23038007200/11-08) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support. PDL, AP, and PRTR also thank CNPq for fellowships.This study investigated the peripheral frequency of monocytes, CD4 + T cell subsets and the systemic levels of cytokines in lean and obese men with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Mononuclear cells were obtained from 45 lean and 45 obese men who were assigned into six groups according to their body mass index and CRF (low, moderate, or high VO 2Peak ) to analyze the frequency of monocyte subsets and subpopulations of CD4 + T cells (Treg cells, CD4 + CD25 high CD127 low ; mTeff, CD4 + CD25-CD39+; mTreg, CD4 + CD25+CD39+). The systemic levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-17a, IL-33, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were also evaluated. Seven sedentary obese men performed one week of high-intensity interval training (HIIT, 3 sessions/week), and blood samples were collected before and 24 hours after the last session for phenotypic analysis of T cells and monocytes. Obese individuals presented an inflammatory profile characterized by lower frequencies of Treg and mTreg cells and higher proportions of proinflammatory monocytes. However, higher CRF status increased the frequencies of Treg cells and mTreg cells and decreased the percentage of CD4 + mTeff cells and intermediate and non-classical monocytes in the peripheral blood from lean and obese men. Systemic lower levels of proinflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-) cytokines and higher concentrations of IL-10 and IL-33 were observed in moderate and higher CRF in all subjects. HIIT increased the proportions of circulating mTreg and Treg cells in sedentary obese individuals. The immunoregulatory role of CRF contributes to the maintenance of low levels of inflammatory mediators. K E Y W O R D S CD39, CD73, exercise, inflammation, monocyte subsets, obesity, T cells, Treg cells, VO 2 peak 1756 | DORNELES Et aL. SUPPORTING INFORMATIONAdditional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article. How to cite this article: Dorneles GP, da Silva I, Boeira MC, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness modulates the proportions of monocytes and T helper subsets in lean and obese men. Scand J Med Sci Sports.

A lack of physical activity is linked to the development of many chronic diseases through a chronic low-grade inflammation state. It is now well accepted that the immune system plays a central role in the development of several chronic diseases, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart failure and certain types of cancer. Exercise elicits a strong anti-inflammatory response independently of weight loss and can be a useful non-pharmacologic strategy to counteract the low-grade inflammation. The CD4+CD25+CD127- FoxP3+ Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a unique subset of helper T-cells, which regulate immune response and establish self-tolerance through the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, and the suppression of the function and activity of many immune effector cells (including monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and Natural Killers). The metabolic phenotype of Tregs are regulated by the transcription factor Foxp3, providing flexibility in fuel choice, but a preference for higher fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which exercise - both acute and chronic - exerts its antiinflammatory effects through Treg cells mobilization. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of immunometabolic changes during exercise for the modulation of Treg phenotype and its immunosuppressive function. This narrative review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the role of Treg cells in the context of acute and chronic exercise using data from observational and experimental studies. Emerging evidence suggests that the immunomodulatory effects of exercise are mediated by the ability of exercise to adjust and improve Tregs number and function.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of autologous serum collected after two types of exercise on the in vitro inflammatory profile and T cell phenotype of resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in obese men. Serum samples and PBMCs were obtained from eight obese men who performed two exercise bouts—high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and exhaustive exercise session to voluntary fatigue—in a randomized cross-over trial. Pre-exercise PBMCs were incubated with 50% autologous serum (collected before and after each exercise bout) for 4 h. In vitro experiments revealed that post-HIIE serum reduced the histone H4 acetylation status and NF-κB content of PBMCs and suppressed the production of both TNF-α and IL-6 by PBMCs, while increasing IL-10 production. Post-exhaustive exercise serum induced histone H4 hyperacetylation and mitochondrial depolarization in lymphocytes and increased TNF-α production. In vitro post-HIIE serum incubation resulted in an increase in the frequencies of CD4 + CTLA-4 + and CD4 + CD25+ T cells expressing CD39 and CD73. Post-exhaustive exercise serum decreased the frequency of CD4 + CD25 + CD73+ T cells but increased CD4 + CD25-CD39 + T cell frequency. Both post-exercise serums increased the proportions of CD4 + PD-1 + and CD8 + PD-1+ T cells. Blood serum factors released during exercise altered the immune response and T cell phenotype. The type of exercise impacted the immunomodulatory activity of the post-exercise serum on PBMCs.

Aim: To investigate the impact of physical fitness on the mobilization of CD4 + CD25 − CD39 + and CD4 + CD25 + CD39 + T cells in response to acute exercise.Methods: Fifteen high physical fitness (25.3 ± 1.4 years) and 15 low physical fitness (26.1 ± 1.9 years) men performed a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, 10 bouts of 60 seconds at 85% HRmax intercepted by 75 seconds of recovery at 50% HRmax). Blood lymphocytes were isolated before, immediately after and 1 hour after exercise for assessment of cell surface expression of CD25, CD39, and CD73 on CD4 + T cells. Effector memory T cells (mTeff) were identified by CD4 + CD25 − CD39 + coexpression, and memory regulatory T cells (mTReg) were defined as CD4 + CD25 + CD39 + T cells.Results: Exercise increased CD4 + and CD4 + CD25 + T cell frequencies immediately after followed by a decrease bellow to baseline values at 1 hour after the bout in both low and high physical fitness groups. At baseline, the proportions of mTeff were higher, while mTreg were lower in low physical fitness individuals. The frequency of mTreg increased immediately after HIIE in both groups, and remained higher 1 hour after the bout. However, high physical fitness individuals presented higher mTreg frequency in all periods evaluated. A significantly mobilization of mTeff cells was identified in both groups immediately after HIIE. High physical fitness individuals displayed a decrease in mTeff cells bellow to baseline, while the frequency of mTeff remained higher in low physical fitness group 1 hour after the bout. The peripheral frequency of CD4 + CD25 + CD73 + T cells increased in a similar way immediately after the bout in both groups, returning to the baseline values 1 hour after exercise. No differences in CD4 + CD25 − CD73 + T cells were observed after HIIE in both groups. Conclusion:Our results highlight the impact of physical activity status in the redistribution of CD4 + T cells expressing ectonucleotidases in response to HIIE. K E Y W O R D Saerobic fitness, effector memory T cells, interval exercise, memory regulatory T cells

This study suggests the potential role of intradialytic exercise to prevent the decrease in peripheral frequency of NK cell subsets during HD therapy. Moreover, moderate intensity intradialytic exercise did not exacerbate the systemic inflammation or induce muscle damage during HD therapy.

Despite numerous efforts, we still do not have prophylactic vaccines for many clinically relevant viruses, such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, Zika virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Several factors have contributed to the current lack of effective vaccines, including the high rate of viral mutation, low immunogenicity of recombinant viral antigens, instability of viral antigenic proteins administered in vivo, sophisticated mechanisms of viral immune evasion, and inefficient induction of mucosal immunity by vaccine models studied to date. Some of these obstacles could be partially overcome by the use of vaccine adjuvants. Nanoparticles have been intensively investigated as vaccine adjuvants because they possess chemical and structural properties that improve immunogenicity. The use of nanotechnology in the construction of immunization systems has developed into the field of viral nanovaccinology. The purpose of this paper is to review and correlate recent discoveries concerning nanoparticles and specific properties that contribute to the immunogenicity of viral nanoparticle vaccines, bio-nano interaction, design of nanoparticle vaccines for clinically relevant viruses, and future prospects for viral nanoparticle vaccination.

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