The existing methods for measuring the shape of the human body in motion are limited in their practical application owing to immaturity, complexity, and/or high price. Therefore, we propose a method based on structured light supported by multispectral separation to achieve multidirectional and parallel acquisition. Single-frame fringe projection is employed in this method for detailed geometry reconstruction. An extended phase unwrapping method adapted for measurement of the human body is also proposed. This method utilizes local fringe parameter information to identify the optimal unwrapping path for reconstruction. Subsequently, we present a prototype 4DBODY system with a working volume of 2.0 × 1.5 × 1.5 m3, a measurement uncertainty less than 0.5 mm and an average spatial resolution of 1.0 mm for three-dimensional (3D) points. The system consists of eight directional 3D scanners functioning synchronously with an acquisition frequency of 120 Hz. The efficacy of the proposed system is demonstrated by presenting the measurement results obtained for known geometrical objects moving at various speeds as well actual human movements.

This paper presents the results of several studies concerning the effect of temperature on digital cameras. Experiments were performed using three different camera models. The presented results conclusively demonstrate that the typical camera design does not adequately take into account the effect of temperature variation on the device’s performance. In this regard, a modified camera design is proposed that exhibits a highly predictable behavior under varying ambient temperature and facilitates thermal compensation. A novel temperature compensation method is also proposed. This compensation model can be applied in almost every existing camera application, as it is compatible with every camera calibration model. A two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) application of the proposed compensation model is also described. The results of the application of the proposed compensation approach are presented herein.

Monitoring the patient’s condition during rehabilitation is the key to success in this form of treatment. This is especially important in patients with infantile cerebral palsy (ICP). Objective assessment can be achieved through modern optical measurement techniques. The 4DBODY system allows to capture dynamic movement with high accuracy. Eight patients with ICP participated in the study. The group underwent therapy lasting seven days using neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) and functional training (FT). The patients’ condition was monitored by the 4DBODY system. The measurements were taken three times: before the therapy, after, and then again after one week. We have developed the Trunk Mobility in the Frontal Plane Index (TMFPI) for its assessment. The results were compared with a score obtained using the Gross Motor Function Measure scale (GMFM 88). An improvement of the TMFPI parameter was observed in five patients, inconsistent results in two and deterioration in one. The reference GMFM score was higher in all patients relative to pre-treatment values. We found that surface scanning with the 4DBODY system allows to precisely track body movement in ICP patients. The decrease in the TMFPI parameter reflects the improvement in the dysfunction of body alignment, balance and symmetry of movement on the L and R body side.

The effect of temperature on three-dimensional (3D) structured light scanners is a very complex issue that, under some conditions, can lead to significant deterioration of performed measurements. In this paper, we present the results of several studies concerning the effect of temperature on the mechanical base of 3D-structured light scanners. We also propose a software compensation method suitable for implementation in any existing scanner. The most significant advantage of the described method is the fact that it does not require any specialized artifact or any additional equipment, nor access to the thermal chamber. It uses a simulation of mechanical base thermal deformations and a virtual 3D measurement environment that allows for conducting virtual measurements. The results from the verification experiments show that the developed method can extend the range of temperatures in which 3D-structured light scanners can perform valid measurements by more than six-fold.

One of the drawbacks of the traditional 3D whole body scanning is that it is capable of capturing only static models. In most of the cases it is impossible to properly analyze the way people move as they are not able to freeze their movement for a certain amount of time. In order to add a 4th dimension (time) to measurements, a system have to be built using stable ultra-fast 3D scanners. The presented solution meets industrial requirements for 4D measurements of dynamic objects. It is capable of acquiring up to 120 Hz sequences of high precision point clouds along with an information about its lightness and normal vectors. A spatial resolution of 1 mm is obtained with an inaccuracy below 0.5 mm. It was originally designed for a 4D human body shape measurement to support medical rehabilitation monitoring, however it is not restricted to this application. The system is composed of four directional measurement columns [1]. Sufficient body surface coverage is possible thanks to an even distribution of modules, each consisting of 1 projector and 2 detectors-on the upper and lower part of the head. Their working principle is based on a structured light projection, specifically a single frame pattern approach which enabled achievement of the declared frequency. For this particular case a problem of synchronization (highly erroneous overlapping of the projected patterns) was solved. A sine modulated patterns are colored and distinguished using a spectral separation via color filters. Information about fringe numbers is encoded using an additional transverse modulation of the patterns. Retrieval of a single multidirectional output cloud is done using a set of dedicated algorithms, including phase unwrapping on a single image per detector, scaling into XYZ coordinates and common calibration. The high precision 4D data is very heavy. A raw 1 minute of 120 Hz scan requires around 360 GB of a disk space. In order to handle such data, the specialized software called FRAMES (Framework and Robust Algorithms for Models of Extreme Size) was developed. It has built-in 4D RAM (Random Access Memory) manager which enables efficient visualization, advanced multithread processing and analysis of such data. The presented 4D scanning solution was tested in a real-life environment. The possibility of performing 3D body scanning in time enabled the rehabilitation progress monitoring after leg amputation.