The existing methods for measuring the shape of the human body in motion are limited in their practical application owing to immaturity, complexity, and/or high price. Therefore, we propose a method based on structured light supported by multispectral separation to achieve multidirectional and parallel acquisition. Single-frame fringe projection is employed in this method for detailed geometry reconstruction. An extended phase unwrapping method adapted for measurement of the human body is also proposed. This method utilizes local fringe parameter information to identify the optimal unwrapping path for reconstruction. Subsequently, we present a prototype 4DBODY system with a working volume of 2.0 × 1.5 × 1.5 m3, a measurement uncertainty less than 0.5 mm and an average spatial resolution of 1.0 mm for three-dimensional (3D) points. The system consists of eight directional 3D scanners functioning synchronously with an acquisition frequency of 120 Hz. The efficacy of the proposed system is demonstrated by presenting the measurement results obtained for known geometrical objects moving at various speeds as well actual human movements.

This paper presents the results of several studies concerning the effect of temperature on digital cameras. Experiments were performed using three different camera models. The presented results conclusively demonstrate that the typical camera design does not adequately take into account the effect of temperature variation on the device’s performance. In this regard, a modified camera design is proposed that exhibits a highly predictable behavior under varying ambient temperature and facilitates thermal compensation. A novel temperature compensation method is also proposed. This compensation model can be applied in almost every existing camera application, as it is compatible with every camera calibration model. A two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) application of the proposed compensation model is also described. The results of the application of the proposed compensation approach are presented herein.

This paper presents the outcome of research into the effects of ambient temperature changes on structured-light three-dimensional (3D) scanners. The tests were conducted in a thermal chamber and consisted of a comparison of the 3D measurement of a special reference unit (made of a carbon composite) performed at different temperatures, with measurements performed at the calibration temperature. A contact measuring arm with temperature compensation was used as a reference. Based on the results of these experiments, we propose a method that allows us to extend the existing scanner calibration method by using a temperature-correction procedure that is based on linear and nonlinear mathematical models. An exemplary application of this procedure has shown that the range of temperatures in which scanner accuracy is within declared limits can be increased 11-fold.

We present a new generation of three-dimensional (3D) measuring systems, developed for the process of crime scene documentation. This measuring system facilitates the preparation of more insightful, complete, and objective documentation for crime scenes. Our system reflects the actual requirements for hierarchical documentation, and it consists of three independent 3D scanners: a laser scanner for overall measurements, a situational structured light scanner for more minute measurements, and a detailed structured light scanner for the most detailed parts of tscene. Each scanner has its own spatial resolution, of 2.0, 0.3, and 0.05 mm, respectively. The results of interviews we have conducted with technicians indicate that our developed 3D measuring system has significant potential to become a useful tool for forensic technicians. To ensure the maximum compatibility of our measuring system with the standards that regulate the documentation process, we have also performed a metrological validation and designated the maximum permissible length measurement error E for each structured light scanner. In this study, we present additional results regarding documentation processes conducted during crime scene inspections and a training session.

We report on a structured light-scanning system, the OGX|4DSCANNER, capable of capturing the surface of a human body with 2 mm spatial resolution at a 60 Hz frame-rate. The performance of modeling the human lower body dynamics is evaluated by comparing the system with the current gold standard, i.e., the VICON system. The VICON system relies on the application of reflective markers on a person's body and tracking their positions in three-dimensional space using multiple cameras [optical motion capture (OMC)]. For the purpose of validation of the 4DSCANNER, a set of "virtual" markers was extracted from the measured surface. A set of musculoskeletal models was built for three subjects based on the trajectories of real and virtual markers. Next, the corresponding models were compared in terms of joint angles, joint moments, and activity of a number of major lower body muscles. Analyses showed a good overall agreement of the modeling outcome. We conclude that the 4DSCANNER within its limitations has the potential to be used in clinical gait analysis instead of optical marker-based systems. The advantage of the 4DSCANNER over OMC solutions is that it does not burden patients with time-consuming marker application. This study demonstrates the versatility of this measurement technique.