ResumoNas regiões áridas e semiáridas é comum a acumulação de sais no solo em quantidades prejudiciais ao crescimento e rendimento das plantas. Neste contexto, os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) vem sendo estudados nos últimos anos, havendo resultados que indicam que as associações micorrízicas com as plantas minimizam alguns efeitos do estresse salino. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares na cultura do meloeiro sob estresse salino. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, correspondendo a 2 tratamentos micorrízicos (plantas inoculadas e não inoculadas) e 4 níveis de salinidade (CEa): 0,5, 1,5, 3,0 e 4,5 dS m -1 , com 4 repetições. Foram avaliadas a colonização micorrízica, o crescimento, as trocas gasosas foliares e os teores e conteúdos de N, P, K + , Na + e Cl -nas plantas. A associação com FMA proporcionou um incremento na produção matéria seca da parte aérea e na área foliar; porém, este efeito benéfico decresceu com o aumento da salinidade. Os FMA também influenciaram de forma positiva a condutância estomática, taxa de transpiração e fotossintética. Os resultados mostraram um pico de colonização na CEa de 1,36 dS m -1 com tendência de redução a partir deste nível de salinidade. Verificou-se ainda que a associação simbiótica entre FMA e meloeiro proporcionou aumento nos totais extraídos de N, P e K + , principalmente nos níveis baixos e médios de salinidade, e redução na absorção dos íons potencialmente tóxicos (Na + e Cl -) a partir da salinidade da água de irrigação de 3,0 dS m -1 . Palavras-chave: Cucumis melo L., salinidade, micorriza, fotossíntese, nutrição mineral AbstractThe accumulation of salts in the soil is a common problem of arid and semi-arid regions, that cause reduction in plant growth and yield. In this context, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been studied in recent years, with results indicating that their associations with the plant roots minimize some effects of salt stress. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of salinity of the irrigation water in the melon plants mycorrhized with AMF. The experiment design was completely randomized in factorial 2 x 4 corresponding to two mycorrhiza treatments (inoculated and not inoculated plants) x 4 levels of salinity (ECw = 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 dS m -1 ), with 4 replicates.The mycorhizal colonization, plant growth, leaf gas exchange and the concentrations and contents of ions (N, P, K + , Na + e Cl -) were measured. The mycorrhized plants showed higher production of shoot dry
The increasing number of degraded soil areas caused by open cast mining activities has brought about a critical damage to the environment. The mine spoil must be ameliorated with anthropogenic interferences which consist of revegetating soils after organic matter amendment and provision of microbial diversity, to guarantee basic conditions for a sustainable soil biological activity. Five woody species, Acacia mangium Willd., Inga edulis Mart., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth, Parkia multijuga Benth., and Schinus terebinthifolia Schlecht. & Cham were cultivated under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the potential of plant establishment on cassiterite mining waste, considering the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi inoculation, organic compost, and thermophosphate amendment. The shoot height, dry weight, and nitrogen and phosphorus shoot contents were determined. Three species of nodulating legumes, A. mangium, M. caesalpiniaefolia, and S. terebinthifolia showed a great positive response to organic compost, termophosphate, and mycorrhizal inoculation, increasing the plant height and the shoot dry weight. Plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fertilized with organic compost also increased their nitrogen and phosphorus shoot contents. The addition of organic compost and mycorrhizal fungi were essential for plant development and the reforestation of mining areas should be initiated with mycotrophic and nodulating legumes.
This work evaluated the effects of water salinity on the physiological indices in inoculated and non-inoculated peanut plants. The study was carried out in a protected environment at the seedling production unit (UPMA) at Campus das Auroras, at the University for International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (UNILAB), Redenção, Ceará. The experimental design used was in a completely randomized (CRD), with treatments in a factorial arrangement, 5x2, referring to the five salinity levels of the irrigation water - CEa: 0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6.0 dSm-1, and inoculated and non-inoculated plants with a mix of rhizobia SEMIA 630, lot 0810, and SEMIA 6144, lot 0312, from Bradyrhizobium sp., isolated, with four replications. Recommended fertilization was done for phosphorus (62.5 kg ha-1 of P) and potassium (50 kg ha-1 of K) to supply the nutritional needs of the plants. The nutritional effect caused by symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium sp. favored inoculated plants to present greater tolerance to salt stress. The availability of nitrogen collaborated to increase the efficiency of plant physiological mechanisms. Uninoculated plants, even with a higher amount of chlorophyll and CO2, were not efficient in the photosynthetic rate. Saline stress affected photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, and chlorophyll; however, with less intensity when inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. The increase in salinity on irrigation water increased the leaf temperature.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da irrigação com água de alta e baixa salinidade sobre variáveis microbiológicas do solo em área submetida à rotação de cultura entre milho (Zea Mays L.) e feijão-de-corda (Vigna unguiculata L.). A área destinada ao experimento foi dividida em duas subáreas, sendo realizados quatro cultivos: dois cultivos irrigados na estação seca e dois de sequeiro na estação chuvosa. O estudo foi conduzido em campo, utilizando-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Nos cultivos irrigados foram usadas água com as seguintes condutividades elétricas (CEa): 0,8; 2,2; 3,6 e 5,0 dS m -1 . Os cultivos de sequeiro foram realizados nas mesmas parcelas que foram cultivadas na estação seca, as quais permaneceram demarcadas e identificadas. No início e ao final de cada cultivo, foram coletadas amostras em duas subáreas na região radicular das plantas, no terço médio da fileira central de cada parcela. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação promoveu aumento do número total de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares FMA e reduziu a respiração basal do solo, o carbono da biomassa e o coeficiente metabólico microbiano (qCO 2 ), principalmente na área cultivada com feijão-de-corda. O gênero Glomus respondeu por mais de 70% dos esporos totais encontrados, sendo que essa percentagem aumentou nos tratamentos com maior salinidade nos cultivos da estação seca. Os dados não evidenciaram qualquer efeito negativo da salinidade residual sobre as variáveis microbiológicas avaliadas, em função da irrigação com água salina durante os cultivos da estação seca. Palavras-chave -Estresse salino. Zea mays L. Vigna unguiculata L. Microrganismos.Abstract -This work carred out the influence of irrigation with water of high and low salinity on soil microbial variables in area under the crop rotation between maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The area for the experiment was divided into two sub areas being made four crops, two crops irrigated in the dry season and two dry in the rainy season. The study was conducted under field conditions using a randomized block design with five replications. In irrigated crops were used the following water with electrical conductivity (ECw): 0.8; 2.2; 3.6 and 5.0 dS m -1 . The rainfed crops were conducted on the same plots that were cultivated during the dry season, which remained demarcated and identified. At the beginning and end of each crop were collected samples in two subareas in the region of root system plant, in the middle third of the central row of each plot. Increasing of salinity in irrigation water led to increase in the total number of spores and reduced soil basal respiration, biomass carbon and microbial metabolic coefficient (qCO 2 ), mainly in the area cultivated with cowpea. The genus Glomus accounted for more than 70% of total spores found, and this percentage increased in treatments with high salinity in dry season crops. The data reveal no residual negative effect of salinity on the microbial variab...
), com 3 repetições. Os resultados obtidos indicam que: a salinidade reduziu a colonização micorrízica e a nodulação radicular das mudas de sabiá; a intensificação das condições de estresse salino aumentaram a dependência micorrízica das mudas de sabiá; a colonização das mudas de sabiá com os FMAs proporcionou aumentos na matéria seca dos nódulos radiculares da ordem de 1900%; as micorrizas arbusculares reduziram o pH após o cultivo do solo; e a adição de vermicomposto não promoveu efeito sobre a colonização micorrízica das mudas de sabiá, entretanto, aumentou a produção de matéria seca dos nódulos radiculares. Palavras-chave: Sabiá (árvore). Salinidade. Microssimbiontes.ABSTRACT -The sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth.) is a plant species native to the Brazilian northeast and brings together some fundamental features for use in rehabilitation programs of salinized areas, especially if associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (BFN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the mycorrhizal colonization and root nodulation of sabiá seedlings fertilized with organic compost and irrigated with water at different electrical conductivities. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with a factorial scheme of 2 (presence and absence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) x 2 (presence and absence of an organic compound) x 5 levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (0.7, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2 and 4.2 dS m -1 ), and three repetitions. The results obtained indicate that: salinity reduced mycorrhizal colonization and root nodulation of the sabiá seedlings; intensifying salt-stress conditions increased the mycorrhizal dependence of the sabiá seedlings; the colonization of seedlings with AMF caused increases in the root-nodule dry matter of about 1900%; the arbuscular mycorrhiza reduced the pH after soil cultivation; and the addition of vermicompost had no effect on the mycorrhizal colonization of the sabiá seedlings, but did increase the production of root-nodule dry matter.
Efeitos de níveis de salinidade sobre a atividade microbiana de um Argissolo Amarelo incubado com diferentes adubos orgânicos RES UMOA quantificação da microbiota do solo não é tarefa simples e ainda se conhece muito pouco da natureza, quantidade e atividade dos microrganismos edáficos. A respiração basal do solo pode ser utilizada na avaliação da atividade microbiana. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da respiração basal do solo incubado com matéria orgânica em solo submetido a seis níveis de salinidade, instalou-se um ensaio de respirometria. Foram utilizadas amostras de um Argissolo Amarelo, coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm e acondicionadas em potes respirométricos, após a adição de diferentes níveis de NaCl (0 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg; 60 mg; 80 mg e 100 mg). O solo foi adubado com pó de coco e composto orgânico (vermicomposto), na proporção equivalente a 30t ha -1 e adicionado um controle sem adição de matéria orgânica. O ensaio de respirometria foi conduzido até 30 dias de incubação. O C-mineralizado nos solos adubados com matéria orgânica foram maiores do que no solo controle, com resultados mais elevados no solo incubado com pó de coco seco. Estes valores variaram de 42,4 mg cm -3 de C-CO 2 no tratamento que recebeu 20 mg de NaCl, e 66,9 mg cm -3 de C-CO 2 com aplicação de 100 mg de NaCl. A adubação orgânica aumentou a atividade microbiana e reduziu o efeito prejudicial dos níveis de sódio na atividade dos microrganismos do solo. Palavras-chave: Respirometria, pó de coco, composto orgânicoEffects of salinity levels in microbial activity of a Yellow Argisol incubated with different organic residues AB S TR ACTSoil microbiata quantification is not a simple task as we have poor information about the nature and amount of the activity of soil edafic microorganisms. Basal respiration is a reasonable method of soil microbial activity evaluation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of soil basal respiration incubated with organic matter and submitted to six levels of salinity, was installed a respirometry assay. Samples of a Yellow Argisol were used and collected at 0 -20 cm depth, they were packaged to respirometric jars after the receiving different NaCl (0 mg; 20 mg; 40 mg; 60 mg; 80 mg and 100 mg). The soil was fertilized with two types of organic matter, dry coconut dust and organic compost, in proportion relating to 30t ha -1 and added a non addiction control of organic matter. The respirometry assay was conducted to 30 days from incubation. Mineralized C values' in fertilized soils with organic matter were bigger than control soils, with higher results in incubated soils with dry coconut dust. These values ranged from 42,4 mg cm-3 de C-CO 2 , in the treatment received with 20 mg of NaCl, to 66,9 mg cm-3 of C-CO 2 , in the treatment with 100 mg NaCl. Organic fertilization increased microbial activity, reducing prejudicial effect of salinity in edafic microorganisms activity.
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