Seedlings of two forage sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) differing in salt tolerance were subjected to 0 and 100 mM NaCl and shoot development, leaf elongation, and organic and inorganic solutes contents in leaves were measured. Salt stress reduced both shoot development and leaf elongation and enhanced leaf senescence and injury. It also led to accumulation of toxic ions (Na ' and Cl (), organic solutes (carbohydrates, amino acids and proline), and reduction of K ' content in leaf blades. Toxic ion accumulation was higher in the basal zone of the leaf blade and occurred during the period of intense leaf growth while organic solutes accumulation, mainly proline, was higher in the apical zone and occurred when the leaves practically had reached their final size. All these changes were more conspicuous in the sensitive than in the tolerant genotype. The latter also retained more toxic ions in leaf sheath tissue than the former. It is suggested that the reduction in shoot development and leaf elongation were related to toxic ion accumulation and depletion of K ' ions in the leaf blades. The accumulation of organic solutes in leaves did not appear to be related to salt tolerance. Proline accumulation appears to be a reaction to salt stress damage and not a plant response associated with salt tolerance.
Objetivou-se avaliar a interação entre salinidade e o uso de biofertilizante bovino sobre a condutividade elétrica do solo, crescimento inicial, trocas gasosas e teores de elementos minerais no feijão-de-corda. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido do Departamento de Ciências dos Solos - UFC. A semeadura foi feita em vasos, utilizando-se, como substrato, um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo. O experimento obedeceu a um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, referente a cinco níveis de sais da água de irrigação e dois de biofertilizante bovino. O aumento dos níveis salinos da água de irrigação inibiu o crescimento inicial das plantas, sendo menos afetado no solo com o biofertilizante. O aumento da salinidade da água aliado à aplicação do biofertilizante, resultou no aumento da salinidade do solo. O aumento do teor salino da água de irrigação provocou redução nas trocas gasosas, mas em menor proporção nas plantas desenvolvidas nos tratamentos com o biofertilizante. A extração dos elementos essenciais e de sódio obedeceu a seguinte ordem: Ca > K > Na > P. A aplicação de biofertilizante bovino foi eficiente ao aumentar os teores de P na planta e de aumentar os totais extraídos de K, P e Ca, independente no nível de salinidade aplicado. Entretanto, os efeitos benéficos da aplicação de biofertilizante bovino sobre o crescimento, trocas gasosas e extração de nutrientes, são menos expressivos nos maiores níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação.
Na, Cl, K, Ca, N, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents and distribution
Cowpea is widely cultivated in arid and semi‐arid regions of the world where salinity is a major environmental stress that limits crop productivity. The effects of moderate salinity on growth and photosynthesis were examined during the vegetative phase of two cowpea cultivars previously classified as salt‐tolerant (Pitiúba) and salt‐sensitive (TVu). Two salt treatments (0 and 75 mm NaCl) were applied to 10‐day‐old plants grown in nutrient solution for 24 days. Salt stress caused decreases (59 % in Pitiúba and 72 % in TVu) in biomass accumulation at the end of the experiment. Photosynthetic rates per unit leaf mass, but not per unit leaf area, were remarkably impaired, particularly in TVu. This response was unlikely to have resulted from stomatal or photochemical constraints. Differences in salt tolerance between cultivars were unrelated to (i) variant patterns of Cl− and K+ tissue concentration, (ii) contrasting leaf water relations, or (iii) changes in relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. The relative advantage of Pitiúba over TVu under salt stress was primarily associated with (i) restricted Na+ accumulation in leaves paralleling an absolute increase in Na+ concentration in roots at early stages of salt treatment and (ii) improved leaf area (resulting from a larger leaf area ratio coupled with a larger leaf mass fraction and larger specific leaf area) and photosynthetic rates per unit leaf mass. Overall, these responses would allow greater whole‐plant carbon gain, thus contributing to a better agronomic performance of salt‐tolerant cowpea cultivars in salinity‐prone regions.
Resumo: A intensidade do estresse causado pela salinidade nas culturas irá depender, principalmente, do nível de tolerância da espécie ou cultivar e das estratégias de manejo utilizadas. Dessa forma, objetivouse com este trabalho avaliar o crescimento e as respostas fisiológicas de duas cultivares de feijão-caupi, irrigadas com água salina e submetidas a diferentes níveis de potássio, em condições de ambiente protegido. Foram utilizadas sementes das cultivares CE 790 e CE 104, as quais foram submetidas a níveis crescentes de salinidade, utilizando-se água de irrigação com condutividade elétrica (CEa) de 0,8; 2,2; 3,6 e 5,0 dS m -1 e doses crescentes de potássio (K) na forma de KCl (0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 g por vaso KCl). Aos 47 e aos 55 dias após o plantio (DAP) foram realizadas leituras das trocas gasosas foliares e de crescimento das plantas (comprimento da haste principal, diâmetro do caule e matéria seca total), respectivamente. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação reduziu o comprimento da haste principal, diâmetro do caule e matéria seca total, em ambas as cultivares. As maiores doses de potássio em conjunto com a salinidade proporcionaram efeito depressivo no crescimento da haste principal e na condutância estomática, em comparação ao efeito isolado da salinidade, sendo um indicativo da intensificação dos efeitos osmóticos. A existência de interações entre salinidade e potássio é um indicativo de que a dose ótima desse nutriente depende da salinidade na zona radicular das plantas, sendo uma informação importante para o manejo de cultivos em ambientes salinos.Palavras-chave: Adubação potássica. Estresse salino. Feijão-de-corda. Respostas fisiológicas. Vigna unguiculata. Abstract:The intensity of the stress caused in crops by salinity will largely depend on the level of tolerance of the species or cultivar, and on the management strategies used. The aim of this study therefore, was to evaluate growth and physiological response in two cultivars of the cowpea, irrigated with saline water and subjected to different levels of potassium under sheltered conditions. Seeds of the cultivars, EC 790 and EC 104 were used, which were exposed to increasing levels of salinity, using irrigation water with an electrical conductivity (CEa) of 0.8, 2.2, 3.6 and 5.0 dS m -1 , and increasing rates of potassium (K) in the form of KCl (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g KCl per pot). Readings were taken of leaf gas exchange and plant growth (length of main stem, stem diameter and total dry matter) at 47 and 55 days after planting (DAP) respectively. Increases in the salinity of the irrigation water reduced the length of the main stem, the stem diameter and total dry matter in both cultivars. The larger levels of potassium together with the salinity resulted in a depressive effect on the growth of the main stem and on stomatal conductance, compared to the isolated effect of salinity, indicating an enhanced osmotic effect. The existence of an interaction between salinity and potassium is an indication that the optimal level of the nutrie...
The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important crop for semi-arid agriculture and contributes to the social and economical development of several world regions, including the northeast of Brazil. In spite of its importance, very few studies aim to understand the effects of abiotic stresses on the development and yield of the cashew. This review covers the research on cashew ecophysiology, with emphasis on the effects of water and salt stress on its development, mineral nutrition and gas exchange processes. The results presented here were obtained at different plant growth stages and under different environmental conditions of soil and climate. The ecophysiological significance of this information is also discussed. Key words: Anacardium occidentale, development, salt stress, water deficit Fisiologia do cajueiro cultivado sob condições adversas. O cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) é uma cultura de grande importância para a agricultura de regiões semi-áridas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico de diversas regiões do mundo, incluindo a região nordeste do Brasil. Apesar de sua importância, poucos são os estudos visando à compreensão dos efeitos dos fatores abióticos sobre o desenvolvimento e a produtividade dessa cultura. Nesta revisão, são apresentadas informações científicas sobre a ecofisiologia do cajueiro, dando ênfase aos efeitos dos estresses hídrico e salino sobre os processos de desenvolvimento, nutrição mineral e trocas gasosas. Os resultados apresentados foram obtidos em experimentos com plantas em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e sob diferentes condições de solo e clima, de modo que essa complexidade é também discutida no texto. Palavras-chave: Anacardium occidentale, desenvolvimento, estresse hídrico, estresse salino
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