Maria de Souza Moreira (7)RESUMO

Nitrogen from cover crop residues decomposing on the soil surface may contribute to 'Niagara Rosada' grape nutrition. This study estimated the recovery of N from the decomposition of rye (Secale cereale) residues deposited on the soil surface in vineyards. Rye litter labeled with 15 N was applied in July 2008 on the soil surface of a 'Niagara Rosada' grape (Vitis labrusca) vineyard in Bento Gonç alves in the southern region of Brazil. In January 2009 and 2010, 'Niagara Rosada' grape plant organs were sampled, and in January 2010, soil samples were collected in different depths. Total N and 15 N were analyzed in the plant tissue and soil samples. The N derived from the rye litter added to the soil surface was mostly accumulated in the annual and perennial organs of the 'Niagara Rosada' grape at a similar percentage. Most of the N contained in 'Niagara Rosada' grape organs was derived from different N sources rather than rye litter. Thus, the N derived from rye litter apparently contributed little to 'Niagara Rosada' grape nutrition in the short time period.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as alterações em atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho após aplicações sucessivas de composto orgânico de dejeto líquido de suínos com maravalha, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido em Chapecó, SC, em Latossolo Vermelho, de setembro de 2005 a agosto de 2011. Foram aplicadas anualmente as doses de 0, 2, 4, 8 e 16 Mg ha-1 de composto de dejeto líquido de suínos com maravalha, além de um tratamento com adubação mineral (NPK). Após seis aplicações, coletaram-se amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-4, 4-8, 8-12, 12-16, 16-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm e avaliaram-se os atributos químicos. As maiores doses do composto orgânico incrementaram o pH do solo e reduziram a acidez potencial. As aplicações de composto orgânico derivado de dejeto de suínos e maravalha promoveram alterações nos atributos químicos do Latossolo Vermelho avaliado, especialmente nas camadas superficiais do solo, com maior ênfase para aumento do pH do solo e dos teores de P, K, Cu e Zn. A utilização de 4 Mg ha-1 do composto mantém os atributos químicos do solo semelhantes aos do tratamento NPK, que seguiu recomendação oficial para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina, além de manter os teores de P nas camadas superficiais dentro do limite crítico ambiental para solos com altos teores de argila.

No abstract

No abstract

SUMMARYPig slurry (PS) represents an important nutrient source for plants and using it as fertilizer makes greater nutrient cycling in the environment possible. The aim of this study was to assess how PS application over a period of years can affect grain yield, dry matter production and nutrient accumulation in commercial grain and cover crops. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, from May 2000 to January 2008. In this period, 19 grain and cover crops were grown with PS application before sowing, at rates of 0, 20, 40 and 80 m 3 ha -1 . The highest PS rate led to an increase in nutrient availability over the years, notably of P, but also of nutrients that are potentially toxic to plants, especially Cu and Zn. The apparent recovery of nutrients by commercial grain and cover crops decreased with the increasing number of PS applications to the soil. Accumulated dry matter production of the crops and maize grain yield were highest at an annual application rate of 80 m 3 ha -1 PS. However, common bean yield increased up to 20 m 3 ha -1 PS, showing that the crop to be grown should be considered to define the application rate.

RESUMO O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é um dos principais constituintes da dieta do brasileiro, por ser excelente fonte protéica e, portanto, um produto agrícola de grande importância econômico-social. A interação do feijoeiro com bactérias fixadoras de N atmosférico pode aumentar a produtividade e diminuir os custos de produção. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se, no campo, a eficiência agronômica de estirpes previamente selecionadas de rizóbio em simbiose com o feijoeiro, comparadas à estirpe recomendada para a produção de inoculantes comerciais (CIAT 899). A diversidade fenotípica da população nativa foi avaliada pela análise das características culturais e pela análise de proteína total por eletroforese em gel poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). Verificou-se que a inoculação no campo com as estirpes UFLA 02-100, UFLA 02-86 e UFLA 02-127 promoveu rendimento de grãos semelhante ao da testemunha, com 70 kg ha -1 de N, e à inoculação com a estirpe de referência CIAT 899. Não houve relação entre os grupos fenotípicos de perfil protéico total e caracterização cultural constituídos pelas estirpes nativas do solo. As populações nativas que nodularam feijão mostraram-se bastante diversas fenotipicamente e não incluíram estirpes similares às estirpes introduzidas como inoculantes. Termos de indexação:Phaseolus vulgaris, rizóbio, fixação biológica de N 2 , produtividade.

One of the most cultivated and consumed vegetables in Brazil is the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. The symbiosis of this plant species with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that are adapted to the stresses commonly found in tropical soils can increase production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness of bacterial strains from soils under different land uses in the Amazon region. Further, rhizobia tolerance to acidity and aluminium and the involvement of some possible physiological mechanisms of such tolerance were also investigated. In assessing the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation, inoculation with strains UFLA04-195, UFLA04-173 and UFLA04-202, belonging to the genus Rhizobium, resulted in greater plant growth, higher shoot nitrogen content and good nodulation compared to the inoculation with the strain CIAT 899 (R. tropici), and to the mineral nitrogen control or Burkholderia fungorum strains that nodulated or not bean plants. These efficient strains grew better at pH 5.0 than at pH 6.0 or pH 6.9; they also tolerated up to 1 mmol l(-1) of Al(3+) and showed an increased production of exopolysaccharides where the growing rates were less (pH 6.0 and pH 6.9). With respect to aluminium, the highest production of EPS produced greater tolerance to this element. Taken together, these results indicate that the strains evaluated in this study were tolerant to acidity and aluminium; they appeared to have developed resistance mechanisms such as EPS production and a resistant cell outer membrane (indicated by resistance to polymyxin and methyl violet). As these strains also gave increased yields of the host species, further studies on whether to recommend these strains as inoculants are already underway.