Contribution of nitrogen from agricultural residues of rye to ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape nutrition

Abstract

Nitrogen from cover crop residues decomposing on the soil surface may contribute to 'Niagara Rosada' grape nutrition. This study estimated the recovery of N from the decomposition of rye (Secale cereale) residues deposited on the soil surface in vineyards. Rye litter labeled with 15 N was applied in July 2008 on the soil surface of a 'Niagara Rosada' grape (Vitis labrusca) vineyard in Bento Gonç alves in the southern region of Brazil. In January 2009 and 2010, 'Niagara Rosada' grape plant organs were sampled, and in January 2010, soil samples were collected in different depths. Total N and 15 N were analyzed in the plant tissue and soil samples. The N derived from the rye litter added to the soil surface was mostly accumulated in the annual and perennial organs of the 'Niagara Rosada' grape at a similar percentage. Most of the N contained in 'Niagara Rosada' grape organs was derived from different N sources rather than rye litter. Thus, the N derived from rye litter apparently contributed little to 'Niagara Rosada' grape nutrition in the short time period.

Heavy Metals in Vineyards and Orchard Soils

“…), apple (Malus domestica) and other fruit tree orchards, are fungicides used for control of diseases, which can cause the accumulation and changes in the distribution of fractions of these elements in the soil. This happens because of the unidirectionality of applications in plants, through rinsing of heavy metals from the leaves during rain or irrigation, the abscission of senescent leaves or the deposition of pruned branches on the soil (KOMÁREK et al, 2010;BRUNETTO et al, 2014b;MIOTTO et al, 2014). For example, in vineyards, for the preventive control of diseases, especially of downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), 30 kg Cu ha -1 year -1 may be added to the production system through fungicides (CASALI et al, 2008).…”

“…The bond between heavy metals such as Cu and organic material can occur by ionic exchange between the H + of functional groups and the ion (ALLEONI et al, 2005). Thus, the availability of Cu in soils depends on the ligand, the oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, content and composition of the organic matter and on the cation exchange capacity (CEC) (FERNÁNDEZ-CALVIÑO et al, 2010;COUTO et al, 2014;BRUNETTO et al, 2014b).…”

“…The adsorption of heavy metals in the soil usually begins in more avid adsorption sites and the remainder may be redistributed into fractions with lower binding energy, therefore, with greater availability (BRUNETTO et al, 2014b). This distribution can be estimated using the chemical fractionation, where different chemical extractants are used sequentially, to remove the elements from more available fractions to those more stable (TESSIER et al, 1979).…”

“…However, in these cases, the main source of heavy metals are foliar fungicides used for control of diseases in fruit trees. The Bordeaux mixture (Ca(OH) 2 + CuSO 4 ), one of the most commonly used fungicides, is a source of Cu, while products with the active ingredient Mancozeb ((C 4 H 6 MnN 2 S 4 ) x (Zn)) are sources of Zn (BRUNETTO et al, 2014a;GIROTTO et al, 2014). With the accumulation of heavy metals in soils cultivated with fruit trees, especially above the adsorption capacity of the soil, losses are expected, causing contamination of surface and subsurface waters.…”

“…With the accumulation of heavy metals in soils cultivated with fruit trees, especially above the adsorption capacity of the soil, losses are expected, causing contamination of surface and subsurface waters. Also a great potential for toxicity to fruit trees, vines and cover crops used in orchard (BRUNETTO et al, 2011;2014a) should be considered.…”