Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as alterações em atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho após aplicações sucessivas de composto orgânico de dejeto líquido de suínos com maravalha, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido em Chapecó, SC, em Latossolo Vermelho, de setembro de 2005 a agosto de 2011. Foram aplicadas anualmente as doses de 0, 2, 4, 8 e 16 Mg ha-1 de composto de dejeto líquido de suínos com maravalha, além de um tratamento com adubação mineral (NPK). Após seis aplicações, coletaram-se amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-4, 4-8, 8-12, 12-16, 16-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm e avaliaram-se os atributos químicos. As maiores doses do composto orgânico incrementaram o pH do solo e reduziram a acidez potencial. As aplicações de composto orgânico derivado de dejeto de suínos e maravalha promoveram alterações nos atributos químicos do Latossolo Vermelho avaliado, especialmente nas camadas superficiais do solo, com maior ênfase para aumento do pH do solo e dos teores de P, K, Cu e Zn. A utilização de 4 Mg ha-1 do composto mantém os atributos químicos do solo semelhantes aos do tratamento NPK, que seguiu recomendação oficial para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina, além de manter os teores de P nas camadas superficiais dentro do limite crítico ambiental para solos com altos teores de argila.
A total of 54 single sporangiophore isolates of Plasmopara viticola from seven regions in four European countries were examined for mating type and genotypic characteristics, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR, microsatellites) markers. Grape leaf discs were co-inoculated with sporangia of randomly selected single sporangiophore isolates. Based on oospore production, four fertile isolates were selected: two were defined as P1 and two as P2 mating types. This procedure was necessary because no reference isolates were available. Among the 54 isolates, 33 belonged to the P1 and 21 to the P2 mating type. AFLP and SSR analyses allocated a distinctive genotype to almost each isolate, thus reflecting a high genetic diversity among the isolates (heterozygosity index He 0.59-0.80). AFLP clustering was observed among isolates collected from the same region, whereas no clustering occurred with SSR. This study provides defined P1 and P2 isolates which will allow future genetic investigations on the inheritance of phenotypic traits in P. viticola such as the sensitivity to fungicides.
-This study assessed the effect of successive applications of pig slurry on the dry matter (DM) production and the nitrogen use efficiency of giant missionary grass along two years. A total of 55, 110, 165, 220 and 275 m 3 of pig slurry/ha/year were applied in order to supply 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg of total N/ha/year, respectively. These treatments were compared with the ammonium nitrate (200 kg of N/ha/year) source of N and with a control (no nitrogen application).Annually, nitrogen was applied in four divided doses, after the cutting of forage grasses, which takes place five times a year.The total DM yield did not differ between years and increased linearly as a function of pig slurry application, ranging from 2,698 kg of DM/ha/year (control) to 11,371 kg of DM/ha/year (275 m The efficiency index of pig slurry ranged from 0.52 to 0.72.
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