esquerdo, respectivamente. Para as amostras obtidas com STT os resultados foram 4,45mg/mL ±0,35 and 4,52mg/ mL ±0,29 para olhos direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,001) foram encontradas entre os dois métodos. Nas condições em que o trabalho foi conduzido, a média da concentração proteica pelo método de Bradford das amostras obtidas através das tiras do STT foi superior à obtida com o tubo microcapilar. Os valores padrão da concentração protéica da lágrima obtida pelo método de Bradford devem ser analisados considerando-se o método de coleta da lágrima, uma vez que este interfere significativamente nos resultados obtidos.

Tear ferning test is easy to perform, without risks to the patient. Once standardized for horses, associated or not with the program STEPanizer(©) stereology tool, it is an additional method for evaluating the ocular surface.

ObjectiveTo describe selected ophthalmic tests and anatomical features of eyes of crab‐eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus).Animals studiedSix crab‐eating foxes (12 eyes), eight maned wolves (16 eyes).ProceduresIntramuscular and/or inhalatory anesthesia, ophthalmic evaluation with portable slit‐lamp biomicroscope, Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure measurement with rebound and applanation (crab‐eating fox only) tonometers, measurement of palpebral fissure length (PFL), gonioscopy, and fundoscopy. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests.ResultsBoth species presented upper and lower eyelids, both with eyelashes and Meibomian glands openings. A third eyelid was also present. In partial miosis, pigmented projections were observed along the edge of the pupil. The draining angle was open, with thin pectinate ligaments. The retina was holangiotic. For crab‐eating foxes, mean ± standard deviation values were as follows: STT: 4.33 ± 2.96 mm/min; PFL: 17.45 ± 1.55 mm; rebound tonometry: 10.70 ± 3.43 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration D),5.66 ± 3.44 mm Hg (TonoVet®calibration P), 17.00 ± 4.64 mm Hg (TonoVet® Plus calibration dog); and applanation tonometry: 11.70 ± 5.70 mm Hg(TonoPen® XL). For maned wolves, the mean ± standard deviation values were as follows: STT: 9.31 ± 7.40 mm/min; PFL: 22.79 ± 1.63 mm; rebound tonometry: 11.00 ± 2.77 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration D), 6.78 ± 2.58 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration P), and 18.29 ± 3.47 mm Hg(TonoVet® Plus calibration dog).ConclusionsThis study contributes with knowledge that can help the clinical assessment regarding eyes of crab‐eating foxes and maned wolves. The data herein presented for rebound tonometry are new for both species.

Mammary gland tumors are the most common type of tumors in bitches but research on survival time after diagnosis is scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between survival time after mastectomy and a number of clinical and morphological variables. Data was collected retrospectively on bitches with mammary tumors seen at the Small Animal Surgery Clinic Service at the University of Brasília. All subjects had undergone mastectomy. Survival analysis was conducted using Cox's proportional hazard method. Of the 139 subjects analyzed, 68 died and 71 survived until the end of the study (64 months). Mean age was 11.76 years (SD=2.71), 53.84% were small dogs. 76.92% of the tumors were malignant, and 65.73% had both thoracic and inguinal glands affected. Survival time in months was associated with age (hazard rate ratios [HRR] =1.23, p-value =1.4x10 -4 ), animal size (HRR between giant and small animals =2.61, p-value =0.02), nodule size (HRR =1.09, p-value =0.03), histological type (HRR between solid carcinoma and carcinoma in a mixed tumor =2.40, p-value =0.02), time between diagnosis and surgery (TDS, with HRR =1.21, ), and the interaction TDS*follow-up time (HRR =0.98, ). The present study is one of the few on the subject matter. Several important covariates were evaluated and age, animal size, nodule size, histological type, TDS and TDS*follow up time were identified as significantly associated to survival time. INDEX TERMS: Canine, mammary gland tumors, histopathology, prognosis, survival, bitches. ), e a interação TDC*tempo de seguimento (HRR = 0,98, p valor = 1.6x10 -11 ). O presente estudo é um dos poucos sobre o assunto. Várias covariáveis importantes foram avaliadas e idade, tamanho do animal, o tamanho do nódulo, tipo histológico, TDC e TDC*tempo de seguimento foram identificados como significativamente associado ao tempo de sobrevida.

No abstract

Canine neonates do produce tears by the fourth week of life, which can be successfully measured with the mSTT. This report established for the first time that canine neonates have significantly reduced total (reflex + basal) tear secretion compared to adults.

Background: Brachycephalic syndrome is characterized by increased airflow resistance in upper airways due to the combinations of anatomical deformities such as stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, and tracheal hypoplasia. There is little information in recent literature about assessment of anatomical, cardiovascular, and blood gases' parameters of these animals at early stages of the syndrome. The purpose of this study was to characterize and to compare anatomical, cardiovascular, and blood gases' parameters in young brachycephalic or dolichocephalic and mesocephalic dogs. Materials, Methods & Results:Twenty brachycephalic dogs (BG) and 20 dolichocephalic and mesocephalic dogs (CG), aged up to 5 years, were included in the study. Anatomical abnormalities, systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), and diastolic (DAP) arterial blood pressure were recorded. Blood gas analysis and complete blood counts (CBC) were analyzed. Doppler echocardiography, electrocardiography, ambulatory electrocardiography, and thoracic and cervical radiographs were evaluated. The diameter of the nares in BG was lower when compared to CG (0.23 ± 0.08 versus 0.56 ± 0.05 cm, P < 0.001). The S a O 2 was lower (P < 0.001) and MAP was higher in BG (P = 0.05). All brachycephalic dogs had sinus arrhythmia (SA), and 15 (75 %) of these showed SA higher than 20% variation between adjacent RR intervals, whereas in CG, 17 (85%) of animals presented SA and 13 (65%) of these showed SA higher than 20 % variation between adjacent RR intervals. The smallest opening of the nostril, in brachycephalic dogs, was accompanied by a lower S a O 2 and higher MAP. Results of this study suggest that young brachycephalic dogs have lower S a O 2 and higher MAP when compared with dolichocephalic and mesocephalic dogs. Discussion: The most relevant aspect of this survey was the confirmation that brachycephalic dogs have lower S a O 2 and higher MAP when compared to non brachycephalic animals. Few studies correlate upper airway obstruction to cardiovascular and blood gas alterations. Although there were no significant differences between groups for PaO2 and A a DO 2 , the means for BG were lower and higher, respectively, than CG, showing that obstruction of airways may lead to lower P a O 2 and higher A a DO 2 . In the present study, brachycephalic animals tended to have higher tHb, PCV, DAP, and MAP, and lower S a O 2 . Even with no significant differences between groups for tHb, PCV, and DAP, one can assume that young animals may not already have presented such alterations, but as the syndrome progresses, these types of abnormalities tend to develop. Hypoventilation results in significantly lower S a O 2 in these animals, as observed in this study. All brachycephalic dogs in our study had SA and 2 (10%) showed sinus pauses of 4 s and 6 s duration, which demonstrates a stimulated vagal tone. The percentage of cervical soft tissue (CST) in brachycephalic dogs was proposed in an attempt to objectively measure the soft tissue concentrated in the neck region o...

 RESUMOO objetivo foi realizar um estudo clínico e epidemiológico de neoplasias mamárias em cadelas, considerando-se histórico reprodutivo, exame físico, diagnóstico histopatológico e imunoistoquímico. Utilizaram-se 60 neoplasias mamárias, divididas em grupos (grupo 1 -benigno, e grupo 2 -maligno). Avaliaram-se dados do histórico reprodutivo, o exame físico e achados histopatológicos e imunoistoquímicos para fator de crescimento endotelial vascular. Ao estudo do histórico reprodutivo, encontraram-se 90% dos animais com irregularidade de cio, 86,63% das cadelas não foram medicadas com contraceptivos e 83,33% não eram castradas. Ao exame físico, não foi verificada diferença (p>0,05) entre grupos ao se avaliar consistência das massas, regularidade da superfície tumoral e localização anatômica dos tumores. Quanto ao tamanho das massas, verificou-se diferença entre os grupos (p=0,0077), com 0,78±1,13cm para o grupo 1 e 1,81±2,29cm para o grupo 2. Diagnosticaram-se 40% de massas benignas e 60% de malignas, de acordo com os tipos de neoplasias. Para VEGF, verificaram-se valores médios de 2,22±0,89 para tumores malignos e 1,66±0,91 para benignos, com diferença entre grupos (p=0,0315). As neoplasias mamárias em cadelas não apresentam características de histórico reprodutivo e de exame clínico que auxiliem o diagnóstico diferencial, sendo a histopatologia o único método para conclusão do diagnóstico e a imunoistoquímica podendo ser utilizada para prognóstico da lesão.Palavras-chave: cadelas, neoplasias mamárias, estudo clínico, histopatologia ABSTRACT