Tear production in canine neonates – evaluation using a modified Schirmer tear test

Silva, Enry Garcia da; Sandmeyer, Lynne S; Gionfriddo, Juliet R.; Montiani‐Ferreira, Fabiano; Galera, Paula Diniz

doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01044.x

Cited by 15 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In our population, there was no significant difference between senior and geriatric dogs. Nevertheless, mean tear production of our general population is slightly lower than in previous studies with dogs with mean age 4 years . In 2 dogs, the tear production was <10 mm/min, which could be compatible with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, but both these dogs did not have other clinical signs compatible with this disease .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs

Willems

Paepe

Marynissen

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundThere is a growing interest in health care of elderly dogs; however, scientific information about physical and laboratory examination findings in this age group is limited.ObjectivesTo describe systolic blood pressure (SBP), and results of physical examination and laboratory tests in senior and geriatric dogs that were judged by the owner to be healthy.AnimalsHundred client‐owned dogs.MethodsDogs were prospectively recruited. Owners completed a questionnaire. SBP measurement, physical, orthopedic and neurologic examination, direct fundoscopy and Schirmer tear test were performed. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis were evaluated.ResultsForty‐one senior and 59 geriatric dogs were included. Mean SBP was 170 ± 38 mmHg, and 53 dogs had SBP > 160 mmHg. Thirty‐nine animals were overweight. A heart murmur was detected in 22, severe calculus in 21 and 1 or more (sub)cutaneous masses in 56 dogs. Thirty‐two dogs had increased serum creatinine, 29 hypophosphatemia, 27 increased ALP, 25 increased ALT, and 23 leukopenia. Crystalluria, mostly amorphous crystals, was commonly detected (62/96). Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were detected in 13 and 18 of 97 dogs, respectively. Four dogs had a positive urine bacterial culture. Frequency of orthopedic problems, frequency of (sub)cutaneous masses, and platelet count were significantly higher in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Body temperature, hematocrit, serum albumin, and serum total thyroxine concentration were significantly lower in geriatric compared with senior dogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePhysical and laboratory abnormalities are common in apparently healthy elderly dogs. Veterinarians play a key role in implementing health screening and improving health care for elderly pets.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs

Willems

Paepe

Marynissen

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Even after inserting the strip into the conjunctival sac, the birds did not allow the strip to remain for the time required for tear measurement, probably due to the discomfort caused by the standard-sized test strip. It was found that the modified strip, as previously described (da Silva et al 2013), was tolerated by the animals, without causing excessive stress. The STT has shown restrictions when used in small eyes (Willis & Wilkie 1999, Müller et al 2010, Beckwith-Cohen et al 2015 which also was observed in the present study (Lange et al 2012, Da Silva et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…It was found that the modified strip, as previously described (da Silva et al 2013), was tolerated by the animals, without causing excessive stress. The STT has shown restrictions when used in small eyes (Willis & Wilkie 1999, Müller et al 2010, Beckwith-Cohen et al 2015 which also was observed in the present study (Lange et al 2012, Da Silva et al 2013). According to Williams (2012), the use of a modified strip (cut in half with width of 2.5 mm) is a viable option in species of birds with small eyes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

et al. 2017

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RESUMO.-[Teste lacrimal deSchirmer modificado e tonometria de rebote em papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva).] O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado (TLSm), a pressão intraocular (PIO) pela tonometria de rebote e o comprimento da fissura palpebral (FP) do papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva). Foram avaliados 35 papagaios adultos e saudáveis, provenientes de um Criadouro Conservacionista do Brasil. Após avaliação clínica e laboratorial, as aves foram fisicamente contidas para aferição, em ambos os olhos, do TLSm, da PIO pela tonometria de rebote e do comprimento da FP utilizando-se um paquímetro digital. Valor médio do TLSm foi 6.2±0.1mm/min e da PIO foi 6.4±0.1 mmHg, enquanto a aferição da FP foi 10.1±0.1mm. Uma correlação moderada foi observada entre TLSm e a FP para olho direito (OD) (ρ=0.14) e olho esquerdo (OE) (ρ=0.20). Os resultados podem servir como valores de referência para testes oftálmi-cos para A. aestiva. TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO:Teste lacrimal de Schirmer modificado, tonometria de rebote, papagaio-verdadeiro, Amazona aestiva, aves, produção lacrimal, pressão intraocular, comprimento da fissura palpebral, animais silvestres. INTRODUCTIONThe blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) measures 35-37cm in length and weighs approximately 400 g, reaching sexual maturity of age at five years. Individuals of this species have a predominant green color, yellow head with blue forehead, and black feet and beak (Forshaw 2010). Because of their vocalization skills similar to speech and interaction with humans, it is bred as a pet (Godoy 2007). Birds are considered animals with great visual acuity, which are important factors for breeding, feeding and flight (Hart 2002, Reuter et al. 2011, Williams 2012, Rauscher et al. 2013). The ophthalmic reference values used for the mSTT and rebound tonometry in these animals lack inter-and intraspecies information.Due to the lack of specific data for A. aestiva, we aimed establish normal parameters for modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and palpebral fissure length (PFL). Also, to verify any correlation among mSTT and PFL. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.

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“…The aqueous layer is most commonly evaluated using the standardized STT. Other, less frequently used methods include a (nonstandardized) modified STT and the standardized phenol red thread tear test, which are both more suitable for small palpebral fissures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas aqueous tear production has been studied extensively in adult dogs, with reference values (mean ± SD) established between 18.89 ± 2.62 and 21.0 ± 4.2 mm/min for the STT1 and between 3.8 ± 2.7 and 11.6 ± 6.1 mm/min for the STT2, reports on aqueous tear production in newborn dogs are scarce. Two studies are especially interesting: da Silva et al . described a significantly lower total aqueous tear production in dogs at 4 weeks of age as compared to adult dogs, and Broadwater et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of tear production and intraocular pressure in healthy canine neonates

Verboven

Djajadiningrat-Laanen

Teske

et al. 2014

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Tear production in canine neonates – evaluation using a modified Schirmer tear test

Abstract: Canine neonates do produce tears by the fourth week of life, which can be successfully measured with the mSTT. This report established for the first time that canine neonates have significantly reduced total (reflex + basal) tear secretion compared to adults.

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs

Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs

Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Development of tear production and intraocular pressure in healthy canine neonates

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