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RESUMO:As helmintoses gastrintestinais constituem um dos principais fatores limitantes para a ovinocaprinocultura em todo o mundo e a saúde dos rebanhos depende de um efetivo controle antiparasitário. A resistência aos anti-helmínticos representa um dos entraves para esse controle e a busca por novas bases tem sido um desafio constante. A utilização da fitoterapia na medicina veterinária constitui um campo promissor de pesquisas. Estudos nesta área necessitam da inserção em um contexto agroecológico, tendo como fator limitante o manejo sustentável dos recursos naturais envolvidos. O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão dos estudos de plantas cientificamente testadas no Brasil e em outros países para o controle das parasitoses gastrintestinais em pequenos ruminantes.Palavras-chave: Anti-helmínticos, plantas medicinais, nematóides gastrintestinais, pequenos ruminantes ABSTRACT: Plant efficacy in small ruminant gastrointestinal nematode control: a review of published studies. Gastrointestinal helminthiasis has been one of the main limiting factors to small ruminant breeding around the world and the health of these animals depends on an efficient parasitological control. Resistance to anthelmintics represents one of the barriers to this control and the search for new bases has been a constant challenge. The use of phytotherapy in Veterinary Medicine is a promising research field. Studies in this area require the insertion into an agroecological context, presenting as limitation the sustainable management of the involved natural resources. This paper presents a review of studies on plants scientifically tested in Brazil and other countries for gastrointestinal nematode control concerning small ruminants.

Resistance to anthelminthics is common due to intensive and incorrect use. In searching for alternatives, extracts of banana plant were evaluated for egg hatching inhibition and fecal egg count reduction of sheep nematodes. Aqueous extracts of the leaf, pseudostem, and heart of the banana plant cv. Prata anã were tested at concentrations of 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg ml(-1) in egg hatching inhibition tests. For in vivo analysis, aqueous extracts were evaluated at dosages calculated according to the 10% lethal dose derived from acute toxicity testing in mice. Efficacy was evaluated at two time periods following oral administration. For the banana extracts at 2.5 mg ml(-1), egg hatching was significantly fewer than the negative control, with an LC(50) and LC(90) of 0.19 and 0.84 mg ml(-1), respectively. In vivo analysis for weeks 1 and 2 following a single treatment with aqueous leaf extract showed 33.1% and 32.5% anthelminthic efficacy, respectively. Further research on higher dosages with more frequent administration is needed to evaluate the potential for utilizing banana plant residues in gastrointestinal nematode control.

RESUMO:A exploração desenfreada dos ecossistemas tropicais, principalmente o Cerrado, tem provocado uma redução nos indivíduos de inúmeras espécies medicinais, levando prejuízos para toda a população. A falta de informações sobre o extrativismo tem dificultado o uso de estratégias eficazes de manejo e conservação das espécies do cerrado. A fava-d'anta é uma dessas espécies nativas que possuem potencial econômico, principalmente devido à rutina, que é usada na fabricação de fármacos e de cosméticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os aspectos da atividade de coleta da fava-d'anta pelos coletores e comerciantes. Realizou-se entrevista estruturada com 61 extrativistas, sendo 44 coletores e 17 comerciantes em oito municípios do Norte de Minas Gerais. Constatou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados são homens casados, analfabetos ou com a primeira etapa do ensino fundamental. A coleta da fava-d'anta, apesar de pouco rentável, é uma alternativa para os coletores, sendo a renda inferior à dos comerciantes que já estão nesta atividade de compra da fava-d'anta há mais de 10 anos. A faixa etária de adulto e adulto/idoso são as mais representativas. A época de maior produção ocorre entre os meses de abril a julho, a bienalidade da produção leva à mudança do local de extração. Observou-se o auxílio de toda a família na atividade. Utiliza-se como instrumento de coleta o podão, a foice, facões e outras ferramentas que danificam as árvores. A maior dificuldade para os coletores é a secagem e, para os comerciantes, a venda. O plantio ou a produção de mudas não tem sido prática habitual dos entrevistados.Palavras-chave: extrativismo, educação ambiental, conservação, planta medicinal ABSTRACT: Harvest of "fava-d'anta" (Dimorphandra mollis Benth.) in the northern region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The uncontrolled exploitation of tropical ecosystems, especially Cerrado, has caused a reduction in individuals of many medicinal plant species, causing damage to the entire population. The lack of information about extraction has hindered the use of effective strategies for management and conservation of Cerrado species. "Fava-d'anta" is one of those native species that have economic potential, largely due to rutin, which is used in the preparation of drugs and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to analyze aspects of the activity of "favad'anta" harvest by harvesters and traders. We conducted a structured interview with 61 gatherers, 44 harvesters and 17 traders in eight counties in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Most of them are men who are married and illiterate or had just studied the first stage of basic education. Although little profitable, "fava-d'anta" harvest is an alternative for harvesters, who obtain an income lower than that of traders, who in turn have been trading "fava-d'anta" for more than 10 years. The age range of adults and aged/adults are most representative. The period of greatest production is between April and July, and the 2 year production cycle leads to a change in the extraction site. The whole f...

A major problem faced in sheep rearing has been the rapid acquisition of anthelminthic-resistant populations of gastrointestinal nematodes. In the search for alternatives, aqueous extract of the peel of Caryocar brasiliense was evaluated for larval development inhibition, egg-hatching inhibition, and fecal nematode egg count reduction in sheep. For in vivo analysis, the doses were calculated according to a 10% lethal dose derived from acute toxicity tests in mice, and the efficacy was evaluated for two periods following oral administration of the extract. Egg-hatching inhibition at concentrations of 15 and 7.5 mg/ml was significantly higher than observed in negative controls with distilled water. For larval development inhibition, all concentrations showed anthelminthic activity significantly higher than controls and were not significantly different from ivermectin treatment. The LC(90) of larval development inhibition was 53.19 mg/ml. In vivo analysis for first and second weeks after treatment found 32.2% and 33% anthelminthic efficacy, respectively.

The anthelminthic efficacy in vitro of the aqueous extract of Genipa americana L. leaves was evaluated at final concentrations of 20, 30, 50, 75 and 100 mg (dry matter)/mL through egg hatching inhibition (EHI) tests and quantitative cultures. The observed lethal concentration LC 90 values for hatching and L3 development inhibition were 79.8 and 28.7 mg/mL, respectively. The extract was more effective in larval development inhibition (LDI) than in hatching inhibition. Phytochemical analysis revealed tannins and flavonoids in the extract. The utilisation of G. americana as an anthelminthic may represent a viable alternative to synthetic products, although further studies are needed to verify its in vivo efficacy and to assess its toxicity in sheep.

The principal health problem in small ruminants is helminthiasis and the rapid development of nematode resistance to anthelminthics has limited the success of control in several countries, stimulating the search for alternatives. In this study, extracts of immature fruits of the mango Mangifera indica L. var Ubá were evaluated for inhibition of larval development and fecal egg count reduction in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. In the phytochemical analyses, tannins and flavonoids were the metabolites identified. Aqueous extracts of immature fruits at 100 mg ml(-1) showed 100 % inhibition of larval development. The LC(90) of the extract was 35.9 mg ml(-1) and the in vivo anthelminthic efficacy at 0.740 g kg(-1) (BW, orally) was 53 %. The identification of larvae showed that 99.8 % were Haemonchus spp. In vitro and in vivo results indicate that this fruit could assist ovine nematode control.