Images of representative line defects in silicon, as obtained by the electron beam induced current (EBIC) mode of the scanning electron microscope, are computer simulated using two generation schemes : the uniform generation sphere and a modified Gaussian distribution. The simulations are based on an analytical model of EBIC contrast a t defects, which makes use of the solution of the minority-carrier diffusion problem in the defect-free semiconductor. A comparison between calculated and experimental images indicates that the Gaussian approximation gives a better description of the observed contrast. Residual differences between theory and experiment are attributed to depletion layer effects. Abbildungen typischer Liniendefekte in Silizium, die durch Anwendung der EBIC-Methode des Raster-Elektronenmikroskops erhalten werden. werden Computer-simuliert unter Verwendung zweier Erzeugungsnahemngen: eine Kugel gleichmiidiger Generation und eine modifizierte GauBsche Verteilung. Die Simulationen gehen von einem analytischen Model1 des EBIC-Kontrasts a n Defekten aus, wobei die Losung des Diffusionsproblems fur Minoritatsladungstriiger im defektfreien Halbleiter verwendet wird. Der Vergleich berechneter und experimenteller Abbildungen weist darauf hin, daB die GauBsche Niiherung eine bessere Beschreibung des beobachteten Kontrasts ergibt. Restunterschiede zwischen Theorie und Experiment werden auf Effekte in der Verarmungszone zuruckgefuhrt. * n po(r, Z ; R) = -dk J,(kr) dz'[e-klZ-Z'I -e'p(z+t')] Jo(kr') g(r', 2') r' dr'. J J 0 0 n
ocial entrepreneurship (the third sector) is an increasingly important global economic phenomenon that is squarely under the academic lens. Social entrepreneurship represents an interesting opportunity for policy makers to explore new frontiers of economic growth and implement innovation in a potentially growing services sector with possible job opportunities coming from new job creation in the upcoming decades. Based on evidence from Italy, this paper considers the broader picture of this phenomenon. Addressing the need to better understand the drivers of social entrepreneurship policy, we propose a model for interpreting the impact of the recent Italian reform of the third sector at various levels of the ecosystem, which favors innovation, technology adaptation, and greater employability. The presented results contribute to laying the foundation for the further development of a theory of entrepreneurship policy.
Claw horn lesions are believed to develop from increased pedal bone mobility induced by changes in the corium tissue. During the planning of barns herd owners are faced with choices of materials and dimensions, as well as feed bunk heights. Among the causes that may lead to front claw injuries there is the height of the feed bunk, as the cow changes its postural behavior in order to reach the food. This research aimed to study the dairy cows' front claws force exerted during eating for determining the lesion risk factor of the feed bunk height. Eight dairy cows were placed in front of the feed bunk, their front claws stepped on the pressure assessment system, and the forces exerted on front claws due to the eating postural change were recorded. The mean pressure, the maximum pressure, the floor contact area, and the mean force per region were calculated. While the cow was eating, the highest mean pressure shifted slightly towards the sole. In the lateral claw the maximum pressure was also shifted slightly towards the toe. No difference was found in the variables analyzed for both lateral and medial sides, as well for the force distribution in the left and right claws. Results of this experiment were not conclusive, not allowing explaining either laminitis or the corkscrew deformity as a result of the force exerted in the claws by means of height of the feed bunk being a risk factor. Keywords: lameness, animal welfare, feed bunk design. RESUMO Acredita-se que lesões de casco se desenvolvem pelo acréscimo da mobilidade podal induzida pelas alterações no casco, durante a produção. Durante o planejamento das instalações, donos de rebanhos encontram distintas escolhas de materiais e dimensões, assim como altura do comedouro. Dentre as causas que podem levar a lesão nos cascos dianteiros está a altura do comedouro, pois a vaca modifica seu comportamento postural para alcançar o alimento. Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar as forças exercidas nos cascos frontais durante alimentação, para determinar o fator de risco da altura do comedouro no aparecimento de lesões. Oito vacas leiteiras foram colocadas em frente do comedouro com as patas dianteiras sobre um sistema de medida de pressão e as forças exercidas pelos cascos frontais, devidas à mudança da postura enquanto comiam, foram registradas. As pressões média e máxima, a área de contato com o piso e a força média por região foram calculadas. Enquanto a vaca se alimentava, a pressão máxima se moveu ligeiramente para a sola. Na parte lateral do casco a pressão máxima também se deslocou na direção anterior (ponta do dedo). Não foi encontrada diferença nas variáveis analisadas para os lados laterais ou centrais, assim como na distribuição de forças do casco direito e esquerdo. Os resultados desse experimento não foram conclusivos, não permitindo que a presença de laminite ou a deformidade de casco "corkscrew claw", seja entendida como um resultado da força exercida pelos cascos, por causa da altura do comedouro, sendo este um fator de risco.Palavras-Chaves: laminite, ...
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