Cubosomes are nanoparticles in structure which is mainly made of certain amphiphilic lipids in definite proportion, known as bicontinuous cubic phase liquid crystals. Hydrating a surfactant or polar lipid that forms cubic phase and then dispersing a solid like phase into smaller particles usually forms a cubosomes. They perform solid like rheology with unique properties of practical interest. They are thermodynamically stable and they have carvenous (honeycomb) structures which are tightly packed twisted into three dimensional bilayers. This type of complex structure allows them to have greater drug loading ability. Cubosomes have ability to encapsulate the hydrophobic, hydrophilic, amphiphilic substances. Cubosomes can increase the solubility of poorly soluble drug. Cubosome dispersions are bioadhesive and biocompatible. Because of their properties, cubosome are versatile systems, administrable by different ways such as orally, percutaneously and parenterally. Cubosome structure by means of electron microscopy, light scattering, x-ray and NMR, nevertheless few researchers has been studying the potential of cubosome as delivery systems.
Bilayer tablet is new era for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide a way of successful drug delivery system. Controlled release dosage forms have been extensively used to improve therapy with several important drugs. Use of bilayer tablet is a very different aspect for anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Bilayer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination, separate two incompatible substances and also for sustained release tablet in which one Layer is immediate release as initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose. Bilayer tablet is improved beneficial technology to overcome the shortcoming of the single layered tablet. This article provides an overview of the bilayer tablet technology, highlighting the main benefits of this type of oral dosage forms while providing a description of current challenges and advances toward improving manufacturing practices and product quality.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) is defined as "a response to a dangerous and unintended drug, which occurs in doses commonly used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, treatment or physical therapy" (Shukla et al., 2017). Although India accounts for 10% of global drug use, the reported ADR of drugs is 2%. This is mainly due to the poor report of drug abuse in India (Bahri, 2016). The incidence of ADRs as a whole leads to emergency admissions ranging from 0.2% to 41.3% worldwide, while 28.9% are safe (Palanisamy, 2013). Hospital admissions for ADR ranged from 2.9% to 5.6%. About 35% of patients in hospitals receive ADR. In India, the incidence of ADR is between 5.9 to 22.3% while deaths due to ADR accounts as 1.8% (Sivasankaaran et al., 2016). Many factors can put a patient at the forefront of the diagnosis of ADR patients with one or more risk factors for ADR including the pharmacy of Poly, many diseases and current, age, drug characteristics, gender, race and genetic factors (G. Parthasarathi, Sten Olsson). The purpose of this study was to evaluate and evaluate Adverse Drug Reaction with reasonable determination in patients admitted to the General Department of Health of a tertiary education hospital.
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