Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) 5cPs, an aqueous soluble polymer was employed for coating diclofenac sodium (DFS) tablets 25 mg for protecting the integrity of the drug yet rendering the drug to release at a faster rate on contact with the gastric environment. Proper optimization for the aqueous based film coating formulation was undertaken primarily employing plasticizers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and propylene glycol (PG). The defect free selected formulations were further subjected for studying the effects of surfactants like sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and Tween-80 along with the plasticizers. The quality of the aqueous film coats or the plasticizer efficiency in case of PEG-400 is in the order 1.5 > 0.5 > 1.0% and for PG 1 > 4 > 3% which can be stated on the basis of less incidence of major coat defects like chipping, cracking, orange peel, roughness, blistering, blooming, picking. The quality of aqueous film coat or the surfactant efficiency in case of SLS + PEG-400 is in the order 0.3 < 0.5 < 0.1% and SLS + PG is in the order 0.5 < 0.1 < 0.3%. In case of Tween-80 + PEG-400 the order is 0.3 < 0.5 < 0.1% and Tween-80 + PG is in the order 0.3 < 0.1 < 0.5%. Elegant film formation can be stated from fewer incidences of coat defects. The obtained coated tablets eventually satisfied all the normal physical parameters like thickness, weights, and weight gain, drug content, crushing strength, percent friability, disintegration time, dissolution profile and possible drug-polymer interactions. ANOVA was undertaken followed by Dunnet multiple comparison for the dissolution profile considering uncoated as the standard. The difference was considered significant at p ⩽ 0.01.
Cadmium contamination in industrial wastewater is an environmental issue posing a great threat to human and animal life. However, the available methods for the removal of cadmium toxicity at lower concentrations are limited. Such processes are often accompanied by sludge formation and lead to heavy metal wastage. This paper focuses on the application of electrosorption process using modified Activated Carbon Felt (MACF) electrodes for the removal and recovery of lower concentration of cadmium from simulated wastewater sample without sludge formation. Activated Carbon Felt (ACF) electrodes were treated with 20% HNO3 for removing surface impurities and improving the surface area. The effect of the electrode modification was analyzed by performing various characterization including SEM, FTIR, XRD and cyclic voltammetry. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic models have also been studied. The effect of operating parameters including pH, voltage, initial concentration and time were analyzed and optimized using Box-Behnken design and were obtained as 6.42, 1.44 V, 0.50 mg/L and 131.51 min respectively. During the regeneration of electrodes, a concentrated cadmium solution of 18.55 mg/L, which showed the possibility of cadmium recovery. The maximum cadmium removal was 60.60% at the optimized conditions revealing the significance of electrosorption for heavy metal treatment.
Heavy metal pollution in water is a serious environmental concern. Lead is one of the highly toxic heavy metals, and its toxicity is due to its non-degradation characteristic in living organisms. The monitoring of Pb(II) ions concentrations in drinking water is essential for human health and a safe environment. In this work, bio-modified carbon paste electrodes were constructed with live cells and thermally dried biomass (extracted protein) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells and employed for the detection of Pb(II) ions from wastewater. The biomass and biosensor preparation and optimization, and the performance of modified biosensors in the detection of Pb(II) ions are discussed here. The effect of various parameters, like pH, biomass composition, scan rate, and metal ion concentration, were studied to obtain the best electrochemical response. Further, the active surface of the electrode and solution characteristics were studies using chronocoulometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was done to find the functional groups present in the thermally dried biomass. From the present study, it is clear that the thermally dried protein biomass electrode has more sensitivity than the bare carbon paste electrode.
A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of nevirapine in tablet dosage forms. Chromatography was carried on an ODS column using a mixture of methanol and water (89:11 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with detection at 284 nm. The retention time of the drug was 3.22 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 25-200 mcg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 0.004 and 0.0121 mcg/mL respectively. The percentage assay of nevirapine was 99.52%. The method was validated by determining its sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The proposed method is simple, economical, fast, accurate and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of nevirapine in bulk and tablet dosage forms.
This paper is a review about the manufacture of polymer matrix composite by the filler materials, property and its preparation. Day by day the role of composite materials in industrial and household applications is increased. By using the variety of matrix, reinforcement and filler materials the polymer composite obtains from it. To improve the mechanical properties of the polymer composite, important role is played by filler materials. There is a unique property for each type of filler materials, which is altered by changing the percentage of filler materials. Filler materials important purpose is to reduce the cost of material and it increase the mechanical properties, that also use to increase surface finish and thermal property. In this paper, the elaboration of polymer materials and its uses are discussed, which held later the synthesis of polymer composite by different fillers. The filler properties, manufacture methods, polymer composite properties are discussed.
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