Changes from breadwinner masculinities towards caring masculinities are described on the basis of European labour market trends and a recent 6-country study of men in part-time work. Although gender ideals are changing, working life shows a persistent trend towards preservation of breadwinner masculinities, connected to devaluation of men's caregiving. The results highlight the economic and material aspects of change and how work-related gender sanctions operate against men in new roles. Men develop more relational forms of masculinity linked to caregiving and family participation but often face a traditional and deeply ingrained organizational masculinity in their job. However, there is also considerable variation among companies, and some may even take proequality initiatives when the state is passive. Finally, the article presents a broader change model with three main stages (initial, middle, and advanced) and discusses possibilities for more change-oriented research.

In this article, some of the most important findings of the European research project The Role of Men in Gender Equality (2011-2012) are discussed. This project was the first systematic research study of all European Union member states and associated European Free Trade Association states regarding men and gender equality in the fields of education and paid labor, the involvement of men in care and domestic work responsibilities, men's health, gender-based violence, and men's participation in gender equality policy. The main objective of the study was to gain better knowledge on the role and positioning of men concerning gender equality. A number of themes were emphasized. First, as the situation of men and women in societies is relational,

This article examines the question of what men win or lose by increased gender equality, in terms of well-being and health, combining a new macro data set with existing studies. A database was created for examining gender equality variables and potential health effects, using a sample of eighty-one European countries and the United States. The results indicate more positive effects for men than usually assumed. They also imply that men's contribution to gender equality has been underestimated. Some patterns, like fertility, differ between Europe and the United States, and this article discusses different gender equality models. Also, the effects of gender equality differ for different groups of men, and this article discusses men who feel they ''lose out.'' Although the data concern associations, questions of causality are also raised, and the last part of this article presents a tentative explanatory model that includes structural factors as well as men and masculinity changes.

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2. Review of each country's statistical sources in relation to home and work, exclusion, violence, health. 3. Review of governmental and quasi-governmental legal and policy statements that explicitly address men. 4. Review of two (noncontiguous) weeks' national press output to examine explicit and implicit analyses on men and masculinities, and their problematization.In each case, national reports, as well as a summary report, are being written. Information OutreachThe research network also acts as an information resource for other researchers, policy makers, and practitioners for the future. Currently, it is either actively seeking, or planning, to achieve this in a number of ways including the following:1. The Web-based European Database/European Documentation Centre on men. This Database and Documentation Centre became operational toward the end of 2000. They are located at the Web site of the allied and "umbrella" organization, Critical Research on Men in Europe (CROME) (www. cromenet.org). The national reports and the cross-Europe summaries are available at that site. 2. Published articles, conference papers, and edited volumes. 3. Several interface workshops and an international conference, involving network members and key personnel in terms of research/policy-making/ practice, and specifically geared to making key outcomes more widely known. 4. Linking with other researchers in other countries in Europe and beyond.

The Study on the Role of Men in Gender Equality (2011-2012) shows a remarkable change in men's participation in care for children and domestic work in certain parts of Europe. Especially in Northern countries of Europe, men became more involved in care-giving roles between 2005 and 2010 while in the same period of time, decreases in the men's share were reported, especially from some Southern and Post-socialist countries with low share rates. On the other hand, there has been a growing under-representation of men in professional care work. Data indicate that in the past decade this already heavily feminised sector has experienced a further decline in the participation of men. Based on intersectional analysis, the paper discusses the most relevant factors associated with men's larger involvement in care for children and professional care. The variation of men's share runs both between and within countries, with socioeconomic position as one important variable.

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This article is one the work of The European Research Network on Men in Europe project “The Social Problem and Societal Problematization of Men and Masculinities” (2000-2003), funded by the European Commission. The Network comprises women and men researchers with range of disciplinary backgrounds from Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom. The Network's initial focus is on men's relations to home and work, social exclusion, violences, and health. Some of findings on the Network's second phase of work, namely the review of statistical sources on men's practices in the ten countries, are presented. This is the second of four articles reviewing critical studies on men in the ten countries through different methods and approaches.