The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of five different root-canal sealers (RoekoSeal, Ketac-Endo, AH Plus, Sealapex, Sultan). With the use of Enterococcus faecalis as a test organism, both the agar-diffusion test (ADT) and direct-contact test (DCT) were performed. For DCT, sealers were mixed and placed on the sidewall of microtiter plate wells. A 10-microl bacterial suspension was placed on the tested material samples. Bacteria were allowed to directly contact to the sealers for 1 h at 37 degrees C. Bacterial growth was then spectrophotometrically measured through every 30 min for 19 h by using an Anthos Labtec HT 2. For ADT, a 200-microl bacterial suspension was spread on brain-heart infusion agar plates. Freshly mixed sealers were poured into uniform wells punched in the agar. After periods of incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 h and 7 days in humid atmosphere, the zones of inhibition of bacterial growth on agar plates were observed and measured. Ketac-Endo, Sultan, and AH Plus had similar results for DCT. These sealers were more potent bacterial-growth inhibitors than Sealapex and RoekoSeal. According to ADT, RoekoSeal showed no antibacterial activity. There was no significant difference among AH Plus, Sealapex, and Sultan (p > 0.05). Ketac-Endo demonstrated lower antimicrobial activity than these sealers (p < 0.05). Time had no effect on the antibacterial activity of the tested sealers (p > 0.05). The antibacterial efficiency of the materials varied according to the tests used. It was concluded that the technique, time, and ingredients of the tested material can affect the results of the microbiological studies.

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In teeth with straight roots the Er,Cr:YSGG laser reduced the viable microbial population in root canals with small and large apical foramina but did not eradicate all bacteria. Three percent NaOCl inhibited the growth of E. faecalis and effectively sterilized all root canals.

Background Vaccines that incorporate multiple SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens can further broaden the breadth of virus‐specific cellular and humoral immunity. This study describes the development and immunogenicity of SARS‐CoV‐2 VLP vaccine that incorporates the four structural proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2. Methods VLPs were generated in transiently transfected HEK293 cells, purified by multimodal chromatography, and characterized by tunable‐resistive pulse sensing, AFM, SEM, and TEM. Immunoblotting studies verified the protein identities of VLPs. Cellular and humoral immune responses of immunized animals demonstrated the immune potency of the formulated VLP vaccine. Results Transiently transfected HEK293 cells reproducibly generated vesicular VLPs that were similar in size to and expressing all four structural proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2. Alum adsorbed, K3‐CpG ODN‐adjuvanted VLPs elicited high titer anti‐S, anti‐RBD, anti‐N IgG, triggered multifunctional Th1‐biased T‐cell responses, reduced virus load, and prevented lung pathology upon live virus challenge in vaccinated animals. Conclusion These data suggest that VLPs expressing all four structural protein antigens of SARS‐CoV‐2 are immunogenic and can protect animals from developing COVID‐19 infection following vaccination.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a pregnant mare immunization of a Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) vaccine candidate containing a water-based nanoparticle mineral oil adjuvanted (Montanide IMS 3012) inactive bacterin and virulence-associated protein A (VapA), as well as the administration of anti-R. equi hyperimmune (HI) plasma against R. equi challenge in the mares' foals. The efficacy of passive immunizations (colostral passive immunity by mare vaccination and artificial passive immunity by HI plasma administration) was evaluated based on clinical signs, complete blood count, blood gas analysis, serological response (ELISA), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), total cell count of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) samples, reisolation rate of R. equi from BALF samples (CFU/mL), lung samples (CFU/gr), and lesion scores of the organs and tissue according to pathological findings after necropsy in the foals. The vaccination of pregnant mares and HI plasma administration in the foals reduced the severity of R. equi pneumonia and lesion scores of the organs and tissue by 3.54-fold compared to the control foals. This study thus indicates that immunization of pregnant mares with R. equi vaccine candidate and administration of HI plasma in mares' foals effectively protect foals against R. equi challenge.

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SUMMARYThis paper reports on a study of the aetiology of calf pneumonia and the clinical efficacy of florfenicol, a new antibiotic in Turkey. Twenty-seven weaned and unweaned calves (13 males and 14 females) between 1 and 16 months of age brought to the clinics of Selguk University, Faculty of Veterinary Science. Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples were taken from the animals diagnosed to have upper respiratory tract infection associated with bronchitis (N=2), bronchitis (N=5), bronchopneumonia (N=4), pneumonia (N=3), pleuropneumonia (N=11), bronchopneumonia plus pulmonary oedema (N=2) based on the results of the clinical and laboratory examinations. Then microbiological isolation and antibiotic culturing were performed. The animals were treated with 1 m1/15 kg (20 mg/kg) florfenicol (Nuflor®, DIF) twice within 48 hours via intramuscular injection. At the end of the treatment, 23 of the weaned and unweaned calves were completely healed, 1 calf had died and 3 calves showed no healing. The results of BAL samples and microbiological examinations of the 3 calves that did not respond to the treatment indicated that these cases were affected by mixed infections of yeasts, fungi, and bacteria. Widespread pleuropneumonia was observed. According to the results of the microbiological examination of the BAL samples, Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica had the highest isolation rate (25%) compared with the other isolated bacteria, namely, Klebsiella pneumonia (20%), Actinomyces pyogenes (15%),fl-henwlytic streptococci. (10%), Staphylococcus spp. (5%), and E. coli (5%). The study also revealed fungi IPenicillum spp. (5%) and Aspergillus spp. (5%)I and two calves (10%) had a yeast infection.. We conclude that florfenicol has a high bacteriological and clinical efficacy (100% and 96% respectively) in the treatment of calf respiratory tract diseases.

IntroductionSalmonellosis is a common bacterial enteric infection with significant economic losses for the intensive production of cattle, sheep, and poultry (1,2). Salmonella species are zoonotic and are transmitted to humans via ingestion of contaminated milk, eggs, and meat (3,4). Although Salmonella infections may occur at any age in cattle, the associated clinical symptoms are more severe in calves from the first 2 weeks to 3 months of their life (5,6).Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica may cause infections associated with several clinical symptoms or systemic infections characterized by diarrhea and septicemia and may even lead to death in severe cases. It can be harbored by asymptomatic carriers (2,5). In the enteric form of salmonellosis, the stool is sticky and watery and has a putrid odor. It may contain flecks of mucus, shreds of the mucous membrane, and in some cases blood. Young calves and lambs frequently develop septicemia. Furthermore, marked depression, fever, symptoms of the central nervous system, pneumonia, and death within 2-3 days can also occur (7-9). Clinical symptoms and necropsy findings alone are not sufficient for a definitive diagnosis of Salmonella infection. It is imperative to isolate and identify the causative Salmonella species (10-12). While the isolation of Salmonella is relatively easy via bacterial culture from samples taken from animals with septicemia, carcasses, and the organs of aborted fetuses, enrichment is needed to increase the chance of isolating Salmonella from feed samples or from fecal cultures used to detect carriers (7,13,14).This study aimed to isolate and serotype Salmonella species from fecal samples of dairy cattle, calves with diarrhea, camels, and water buffaloes and to determine sensitivities of the isolates to antibiotics. Materials and methods SamplingA total of 869 fecal samples were collected from 21 herds in 13 provinces (Konya,