International audienceAd hoc networks are wireless mobile networks that can operate without infrastructure and without centralized networkmanagement. Traditional techniques of routing are not well adapted. Indeed, their lack of reactivity with respect to thevariability of network changes makes them difficult to use. Moreover, conserving energy is a critical concern in the design ofrouting protocols for ad hoc networks, because most mobile nodes operate with limited battery capacity, and the energydepletion of a node affects not only the node itself but also the overall network lifetime. In all proposed single-path routingschemes a new path-discovery process is required once a path failure is detected, and this process causes delay and wastage ofnode resources. A multipath routing scheme is an alternative to maximize the network lifetime. In this paper, we propose anenergy-efficient multipath routing protocol, called AOMR-LM (Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Routing with LifetimeMaximization), which preserves the residual energy of nodes and balances the consumed energy to increase the networklifetime. To achieve this goal, we used the residual energy of nodes for calculating the node energy level. The multipathselection mechanism uses this energy level to classify the paths. Two parameters are analyzed: the energy threshold beta and thecoefficient alpha. These parameters are required to classify the nodes and to ensure the preservation of node energy. Our protocolimproves the performance of mobile ad hoc networks by prolonging the lifetime of the network. This novel protocol has beencompared with other protocols: AOMDV and ZD-AOMDV. The protocol performance has been evaluated in terms of networklifetime, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay

Wireless body area network (WBAN) calls for a next generation in wireless networks. This new generation is designed to operate autonomously, to connect various medical sensors and appliances located on or inside a human body. Mobile WBANs have been designed, offering numerous practical and innovative services so that health care and quality of life can be improved. Thus, the equipment used in WBAN is usually mobile and autonomous which imposes high constraint on energy. That is, the energy efficiency must be taken into account as one of the objectives of the routing protocol designed for this type of network. Although mobile nodes may cause link breaks, most of studies ignore the link stability. In this paper, we propose a stable, reliable, energy efficient routing protocol for mobile Wireless Body Area Networks. It preserves the residual energy of nodes with an increase network lifetime. To achieve this goal, we use an objective model to select energy-efficient paths with stable links. Simulation results demonstrate that our protocol improves the state of the art in terms of energy consumption and routing overhead.

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Routing in ad hoc mobile networks is a problem which is

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a set of mobile and self-organizing nodes that cooperate to create dynamic network architecture to establish communications. Its characteristics present critical challenges: limited residual energy of nodes and transmission range, wireless links sensitivity to environmental effects, and the mobility aspect, which leads to frequent link failure and rapid changes in the network topology. In this paper, we propose a new multipath routing protocol RMQS-ua (Reliable Multipath Routing Protocol based on Link Quality and Stability in Urban Areas). Our objective is to select the path that has better link quality and more stable links to guarantee reliable data transmission. We consider a combination of signal to noise ratio SNR and an enhanced packet reception ratio PRR to evaluate link quality, and the exponential moving average (EMA) to estimate the link stability. RMQS-ua is designed for an urban area that includes shadowing effect and background noise which deteriorates the link quality. Simulation results show that RMQS-ua improves network performance, and provides more reliability compared to some recent existing protocols.

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Ad Hoc wireless mobile networks are characterized by a lack of central administration and the fact that any element of the network, being very mobile, is susceptible to disappear. In an Ad Hoc network, all the elements must cooperate in order to establish a temporary network to communicate. This communication is affected by the links stability mainly in a restricted environment such as a city and the depletion of the batteries energy of the nodes. These factors degrade the ad hoc networks performance. We propose in this paper a stable routing protocol with weak energy consumption for urban areas in order to improve these performances. The proposed solution is a multipath protocol named ESMRua (Efficient energy aware and Link Stable Multipath Routing Protocol in urban areas). ESMRua uses a path selection scheme based on energy constraint, signal quality and link stability. For the link stability, three calculation variants are used. ESMRua will be designed for realistic mobility, contrary to the main existing protocols which are designed to the random mobility models; these models have unrealistic behaviors such as a brusque acceleration and a sudden stop. Simulation results show that our multipath protocol enhances the performance of the ad hoc networks, mainly in terms of routing overhead, energy consumption and network reliability.