An efficient energy aware link stable multipath routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks in urban areas

Abstract

Ad Hoc wireless mobile networks are characterized by a lack of central administration and the fact that any element of the network, being very mobile, is susceptible to disappear. In an Ad Hoc network, all the elements must cooperate in order to establish a temporary network to communicate. This communication is affected by the links stability mainly in a restricted environment such as a city and the depletion of the batteries energy of the nodes. These factors degrade the ad hoc networks performance. We propose in this paper a stable routing protocol with weak energy consumption for urban areas in order to improve these performances. The proposed solution is a multipath protocol named ESMRua (Efficient energy aware and Link Stable Multipath Routing Protocol in urban areas). ESMRua uses a path selection scheme based on energy constraint, signal quality and link stability. For the link stability, three calculation variants are used. ESMRua will be designed for realistic mobility, contrary to the main existing protocols which are designed to the random mobility models; these models have unrealistic behaviors such as a brusque acceleration and a sudden stop. Simulation results show that our multipath protocol enhances the performance of the ad hoc networks, mainly in terms of routing overhead, energy consumption and network reliability.

An Improved Hybrid Secure Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET

“…Routing is the basic process of MANETs that enables communication connections to be established among nodes, as well as the sending and delivery of packets. Data communication is the foundation for most of the security critical [18] areas such as secure data aggregation, secure localization, intrusion detection, key management, and so on. Multiple routes are vulnerable in the same way as a single route.…”

Safe Routing Approach by Identifying and Subsequently Eliminating the Attacks in MANET

“…The total energy network nodes used during the scenario are referred to as energy consumption. This is achieved by determining each node's energy level after the experiment and considering its residual energy [36][37][38]. Econs will stand in for energy usage, which can be computed as It is the proportion of the total amount of energy used by all nodes to all nodes.…”

“…However, there are currently no AODV protocols that address all the abovementioned problems as a solitary framework. The most recent research findings based on the Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) security aspect have offered various elements [37]. To ensure a high level of safety in packet forwarding, current research has focused on specific attacks and some approaches that significantly increase communication costs.…”