Membrane technologies are widely used for desalination of water. These technologies are environmentally friendly, economical, energy efficient and material efficient. In the absence of pre-treatment of water, the membrane is contaminated, which leads to an increase in the amount of concentrate formation. Discharge of mineralized water leads to physical and chemical pollution of water bodies. Dissolution and removal of these sediments is a complex issue, so the use of sediment inhibitors is important. The use of antiscalants allows to prolong the service life of membrane elements, which, in turn, will reduce the intake of fresh water and reduce the volume of wastewater. The efficiency of gipan as a reagent in the stabilization treatment of low-mineralized, highly mineralized waters at a temperature of 60°C was determined. The dependences of water stability on sediments on the chemical composition of water, inhibitor concentration and time of ultrasonic treatment of gipan were established.
1 The paper discusses a problem of formation and search of efficient ways to recycle wastes generated by waste treatment plants, a proposed technology for their heat treatment and utilization of waste as a raw material component for the production of masonry units. Highdensity polyethylene is used as a binder.
ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ СТІНОВИХ КАМЕНІВ ІЗ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯМ ПОЛІМЕРНОГО ЗВ'ЯЗУЮЧОГОАнотація. Показана проблема утворення та пошуку шляхів утилізації відходів очисних споруд та запропонована технологія їх термічного оброблення та використання як сировинний компонент при виготовленні стінових каменів. Як зв'язуюче запропоновано використовувати поліетилен низького тиску.Ключові слова: утилізація, відходи очисних споруд, нагрівання, розплавлення, поліетилен низького тиску, формування.
In this work, the processes of electrochemical processing of sodium chloride solutions with the production of iron (III) chloride and alkali in a three-chamber electrolyzer with MA-41 anion-exchange membrane and MK-40 cation-exchange membrane were investigated. The conditions for the removal of sodium chloride from water in a three-chamber electrolyzer using an iron anode were determined depending on the anode current density and the reaction of the medium in the anode region. The parameters of the process of concentrating iron chloride in the anode region were established at relatively low concentrations of sodium chloride solution. It was shown that during the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution with a concentration of 370 mg-eq/dm 3 at a current of 0.2 A in a three-chamber electrolyzer with an iron anode, an iron chloride solution is formed in the anolyte at pH <4.9. The rate of concentration of NaOH to catholyte and FeCl 3 to anolyte increased along with the current density. It was found that in order to increase the concentration of iron (III) chloride in the anolyte at relatively low concentrations of sodium chloride solution, it is advisable to gradually renew the demineralized solutions in the working chamber.
Feature of the topic and problem statement. The paper presents for the first time a comparative characteristic of emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of traditional fuels (natural gas) and biomass in fuel furnaces of boilers and recommended for the use the most environmentally efficient fuels. Comparative characteristics of emissions of harmful substances during the combustion of various types of fuel allows to determine the optimal type of fuel in the construction and commission of a new power plants, and also adds up-to-date information that will be useful in the scientific and scientific-popular discussions that are widespread today regarding the exhaustion and replacement of non-renewable energy sources, the safety of alternative fuels and their advantages in comparison with non-renewable ones. The purpose of the work is determining of the amount of emissions of harmful substsnces entering the environment during the combustion of natural gas and solid alternative fuels - wood waste, straw, flax straw and sunflower husk, their comparison, justification of calculation of the carbon content in the fuel of a given chemical composition. Findings. During the comparative analysis, high values for the carbon dioxide emissions for all the materials were considered. It is also noted that there are no emissions of suspended solid particles and sulfur diоxide during the combustion of natural gas and it is determined that at its combustion, methane emissions will be the smallest. In as-sessing the level of safety when using unrenewable and alternative fuels, the higher content of methane, dinitrogen oxide and unmethane volatile organic compounds and the lower content of nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide in emissions from combustion of alternative fuels compared to emissions at combustion of unrenewable fuels were determined during the calculations. When burning natural gas there is mercury in small amounts in the emissions. Originality. The paper presents for the first time a comparative characteristic of emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of traditional fuels (natural gas and fuel oil) and biomass in fuel furnaces of boilers and recommended for the use the most environmentally efficient fuels. When making calculation works the following regularities are defined. In unrenewable and alternative fuels, a higher proportion of carbon passes into carbon dioxide emission and less to carbon oxide emission, while proportion of carbon in carbon dioxide emission is higher in unrenewable fuels. In addition, in unre-newable and alternative fuels, a large proportion of nitrogen is converted into nitrogen oxide emission, and less in emission of dinitrogen oxide, while the proportion of nitrogen in the emission of nitrogen oxide is also higher in unrenewable fuels. The paper defines a formula for calculating the carbon content in natural gas from the Central Asia-Center gas pipeline. The provided calculations and the introduction of simplified formulas serve as an example for the calculation of emis-sion factors and emissions in assessing the level of safety of existing equipment and can be used in the development of permit documents of enterprises that carry out emissions of harmful substances to the environment.
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