The aim: To study the rate of detection of specific periodontopathogenic microbiota in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) and coronary artery disease (CAD) and assessment of the risk of periodontal pathogens in the development of CAD. Materials and methods: A microbiological study of the content of periodontal pockets was carried out in 64 patients with CGP and CAD of the study group (mean age – 56.9±7.9 years) and 20 patients of the comparison group (mean age – 45.2±11,8 years) who were not burdened with CAD. Results: It was established that in patients with CGP and CAD the following periodontal pathogens were found more frequently than in the comparison group: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (56.3±6.20% vs 25.0±9.68%; p=0.01), Prevotella intermedia (54.7±6.22% vs. 20.0±8.94%; p=0.01), and Fusobacterium spp. (34.4±5.94 vs. 10.0±6.71%; p=0.04). The increase in the percentage of the association of the periodontal pathogens was revealed in patients with CAD, which increased with the severity of the pathological process in periodontal tissues. The results of the study indicate the association of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, Fusobacterium spp. with CAD: A. actinomycetemcomitans: OR=3.86 (95% CI: 1.25-11.90), p=0.015; P. intermedia: OR=4.83 (95% CI: 1.45-16.05), p=0.007; Fusobacterium spp.: OR=4.71 (95% CI: 1.00-22.20), p=0.035. Conclusions: Analysis of the microbiological study indicates a high rate of detection of specific periodontal pathogens in patients with CGP and CAD. It can be assumed that the presence of such periodontal pathogens as A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, Fusobacterium spp., significantly increases the risk of CAD.
The aim of the work was a preclinical assessment of acute toxicity, skin resorptive, irritant effects, cumulative and catalase activity, as well as sensitizing properties of the local gel composition “Benzidaflaziverdine” (GCB) used for the treatment of periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients. Materials and methods. 119 animals were involved in the experiment, assigned to seven main and two control groups. GCB was administered intragastrically in doses of 300–600 mg/kg and intradermally of 200 μg into the outer surface of the ear. The native solution of GCB was applied to the skin and mucous membranes, administered orally by the method of “subchronic toxicity” and to the surface of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos. The intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was assessed by the level of diene conjugates (DCs) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the antioxidant system by catalase activity. The specific leukocyte agglomeration reaction (SLAR), the specific leukocyte lysis reaction, and neutrophil damage indicators were used. Results. The median lethal dose LD50 for rats and mice of both sexes exceeded 5000 mg/kg. The irritant effect of GCB on the mucous membranes was manifested by hyperemia on the second day. Symptoms of irritation disappeared after 3–4 days without medical intervention. An analysis of the CAM blood vessels after exposure to GCB in two observations at the 120th second showed the beginning of hemorrhages. In one observation, GCB caused minor hemorrhages at the 300th second of the experiment. It was found that the coefficient of GCB irritant action was 5 (the mean score of Me (Q1; Q3) was 5 (4; 5)). The coefficient of cumulation (Kcum) exceeded 8.2. An insignificant increase in the median or mean values of catalase enzyme activity, DCs, and the amount of LPO end product such as MDA was observed compared to the control group animals. The SLAR test indicated the development of a delayed-type allergic reaction under the influence of GCB in a 1:10 dilution. One-hundred-fold dilution did not cause significant changes in the indicator in the main group compared to the control one. Conclusions. GCB belongs to the 4th class of toxicity – practically non-toxic substances, does not have sex- and species sensitivity, has weak cumulative activity, minimal effect on the system of LPO. GCB can be recommended for the use in clinical periodontology for medical support of orthodontic patients.
The purpose of the study was to analyze literature sources containing information about defensins, cysteine-rich cationic amphipathic peptides produced by circulating white blood cells and tissue cells. This review describes the antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of defensins, as well as their molecular and cellular interactions. These substances, which are present on the epithelium and body fluids, are active against bacteria, fungi and viruses, as well as produced by immune and epithelial cells. These natural antimicrobial cationic peptides play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. Defensins are divided into alpha and beta families. Alpha-defensins (α-defensins) are found in neutrophils, macrophages and Paneth cells in the intestine. Beta-defensins (β-defensins) are secreted by most leukocytes and epithelial cells. Extensive antimicrobial activity and multifaceted immunomodulatory functions of defensins confirm their role in innate immunity as the main protective component of the human body against bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Thus, they are key effector molecules in protecting the organism from infection due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Their common antimicrobial function is the formation of destructive pores in the membranes of pathogens, including enveloped viruses. Antiviral activity includes the direct effect of defensin on viral envelopes, glycoproteins and capsids. Binding and modulation of host cell surface receptors and disruption of intracellular signaling by defensins may also inhibit virus replication. These peptides block infection with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses by aggregating particles, blocking receptor binding, inhibiting virus penetration or depletion of particles, inhibiting stem cell signaling, or viral gene expression. In addition, defensins may function as chemokines to enhance and alter adaptive immune responses by exhibiting an indirect antiviral mechanism. Conclusion. However, sources of scientific information have shown that defensins attract immune cells and modulate adaptive immune responses. It has also been shown that defensins can both induce inflammation and suppress inflammatory responses by acting on certain cells through various mechanisms. Due to this, they can be used as one of the markers in the development of inflammatory diseases of the mouth and oropharynx. The main drugs that activate the production of defensins are probiotics, vitamin D and leukotriene B4. This expands the possibility of their use as a new class of non-toxic antimicrobials and immunomodulators
Епідеміологічні обстеження дітей, проведені в різних регіонах України, свідчать про високу поширеність зубощелепних аномалій у всіх вікових періодах. Серед чинників ризику, які впливають на формування ЗЩА у дитячому віці, важливе місце займають соматична патологія, екологічні, спадкові, зокрема, соціально-побутові фактори, оскільки мають суттєвий вплив стан стоматологічного здоров`я. Зубощелепні аномалії, які не виявлені та не усунені на етапі формування в тимчасовому та змінному прикусі, розвиваються у тяжкі форми в постійному прикусі. У зв’язку з цим, важливим є раннє виявлення ЗЩА та їх чинників ризику у дітей. Вихованці інтернатних закладів – категорія дітей, які вимагають особливого підходу в цьому плані, оскільки значна їх кількість має обтяжену спадковість, вроджену або набуту на ранніх етапах розвитку, соматичну та психічну патологію. Тому вивчення та аналіз поширеності зубощелепних аномалій, зокрема аномалій зубних рядів, серед різних ґруп дитячого населення, а особливо серед дітей із шкіл інтернатного типу, повинні стати основою для проґнозування та попередження тяжких форм ЗЩА. Мета дослідження. Вивчення поширеності аномалій зубних рядів у дітей інтернатних закладів. Матеріал та методи дослідження. Для вивчення поширеності аномалій зубних рядів нами обстежено 528 дітей 7-12-річного віку, які проживали та навчалися в інтернатних закладах м. Львова та с. Стрілки, м. Самбора, с. Жовтанці Львівської області (основна група) та 122 дитини загальноосвітньої школи № 1 м. Львова, які склали контрольну групу. Характер аномалій зубних рядів оцінювали за класифікацією Калвеліса Д.А (1957). Наукова новизна. Визначено, що поширеність зубощелепних аномалій у дітей шкіл інтернатного типу є значно вищою (84,09±1,59 %) у порівнянні з дітьми із загальноосвітніх шкіл (66,39±4,28 %, p˂0,001). Найчастіше у дітей із ЗЩА зустрічаються аномалії зубних рядів: в основній групі – у 93,35 % обстежених, у контрольній групі – у 60,49 %. Серед дітей основної групи із аномаліями положення окремих зубів оральне положення зустрічається, в середньому, у 18,34±6,39 %, вестибулярне положення – у 16,89±6,19 %, тортоаномалія – у 15,92±6,10 %, супраоклюзія – у 8,21±4,48 %, мезіальне положення – у 7,10±4,36 %, дистальне – у 5,63±3,69 %, інфраоклюзія – у 3,10±2,46 %, та транспозиція – у 1,14±1,12 %. Результати дослідження свідчать, що скупченість зубів як на верхній щелепі, так і на нижній визначено дещо частіше (6,52±3,88 % та 15,35±6,08 %, відповідно) у дітей основної групи в порівнянні із дітьми контрольної групи. Серед аномалій форми зубних рядів домінує звуження (12,20±5,29 %) та V – подібна форма зубного ряду (10,44±5,24 %). Висновки. Отже, результати проведених досліджень свідчать про високу поширеність аномалій зубних рядів у структурі ортодонтичної патології у дітей інтернатних закладів, що становить 93,35 %. Отримані дані свідчать про гостру необхідність потреби у ортодонтичному лікуванні у дітей даної категорії та необхідності раннього виявлення факторів ризику формування зубощелепних аномалій.
Decamethoxine (DCM®) is a substance from a group of quaternary ammonium compounds. According to literary sources, the antimicrobial effect is due to a mechanism that combines damage to the cell membrane of bacteria and lysis of their protoplasts, as well as changes the permeability of the microbial cell membrane, causing its destruction. DCM® demonstrates activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (staphylococci, streptococci, diphtheria and Escherichia coli, salmonella, proteus, klebsiella, shigella, pseudomonads, clostridia), some fungi (yeast fungi, mold fungi). There are also reports of the antiviral activity of this compound. The purpose of this study was to highlight the results of the current work of Ukrainian scientists and analyze the properties and broad aspects of DCM® antiseptic, as well as demonstrate their clinical case for its effectiveness in periodontal practice. The analysis of the results of various publications allowed us to evaluate the full range of DCM® properties in terms of its therapeutic potential in modern preclinical and clinical studies, particularly in periodontal practice.
Introduction. A search continues for effective means which may reduce the overload of harmful factors, eliminate the inflammatory process, and reduce stress on the periodontal tissues during the active period of orthodontic treatment. We developed and patented the gel composition (GC) Benzidaflaziverdine prepared based on Proteflazid® (flavonoids) and benzydamine hydrochloride (BH) T-Sept® for the local treatment of the periodontal tissues in the form of a periodontal dressing in the orthodontic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytocompatibility of different combinations of components in gel composition based on flavonoid complex and benzydamine hydrochloride (Benzidaflaziverdine) used for the treatment of periodontal diseases in orthodontic patients. For this, mechanisms of their cytopathic and cytoprotective effects will be explored using cultured human and mouse cells. Methods. We studied the effect of different supplements used in GC Benzidaflaziverdine on the viability of pseudonormal human keratinocytes of the HaCaT line and mouse fibroblasts of the BALB-3T3 line, and mouse macrophages of the J774.2 line. Various methods of cell survival assessment were used: MTT-assay, staining of cells with fluorescent dyes Hoechst 33342 and Propidium iodide (PI), as well as a test for the genotoxic effects on cells (DNA comet assay). The antioxidant properties of the developed GC variants were evaluated using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), Merck (Dam-stadt, Germany), and DCFDA-H2 (2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate). Results. We demonstrated that the Sample containing gel base and BH in the form of a solution (Tantum Verde®) possessed weak prooxidant properties. While the Sample contained gel base, powdered BH (T-Sept®) and Sample containing gel base and powdered BH (T-Sept® and Proteflazid®) possessed pronounced antioxidant properties. Conclusions. Tests with DPPH and DCFDA dyes were used to confirm the hypothesis regarding the cytoprotective effect of the patented gel composition Benzidaflaziverdine for local application in the form of a periodontal bandage due to the antioxidant activity of the flavonoid complex, which reaches the maximum level at the 2nd hour of exposure. This gel composition can be recommended for use in clinical periodontology for medical support of orthodontic patients before and during the active phase of orthodontic treatment.
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