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The influence of increasing the dosage of ketamine on anaesthesia induced by a combination of ketamine, xylazine and midazolam in pigs was determined by assessing the onset of action (OAN), duration of analgesia (DAN), anaesthesia time (ANT), and recovery time (RCT) in 10 growing pigs (Mean weight: 18.2 ± 1.65 kg) receiving either 10 mg / kg intramuscular (i.m) injection of 10 % ketamine, 2 mg / kg i.m injection of 2 % xylazine and 0.25 mg / kg i.m injection of 0.1%midazolam (K10XM) or 20 mg / kg i.m injection of ketamine and 2 mg / kg i.m injection of xylazine and 0.25 mg / kg i.m injection of 0.1 % midazolam (K20XM). In addition, the heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (RR) and rectal temperatures (RT) were determined immediately after drug administration and at 10 minute intervals over a period of 60 minutes. Analgesia was assessed by the response of the pigs to artery forceps applied at the interdigital space. Recovery was determined as pigs' ability to stand without ataxia. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM while anaesthetic indices were compared using Student's t-tests. AP value of 0.05 was accepted as significant in all cases. In this study, both the OAN and RCT were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in K10XM (1.4 ± 0.2 min; 7.8 ± 2.2 min) than in K20XM (2.2 ± 0.2; 18.6 ± 1.4 min) respectively. Similarly, the duration of anaesthesia was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in K10XM (55.4 ± 8.4 min) than in K20XM (92.0 ± 13.6 min). The pigs that received K20XM combination had analgesia of duration of 41.4±12.6 min while those that received K10XM combination had no analgesia. However, the HR, RR, and RT were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between K10XM and K20XM. It was therefore concluded that the lower dose ketamine combination is better for the induction of anaesthesia, while the higher dose ketamine combination is preferable for surgery of short duration in pigs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of in ovo feeding cysteine, lysine or their combinations on the perinatal and post-hatch physiological responses of broiler embryos exposed to heat stress during incubation. A total of two thousand fertile eggs of broiler breeders (Ross 308) flock (at 38 weeks of age) were used for this study. In the first 10 days, the eggs were incubated using the conventional protocol of relative humidity and temperature of 55% and 37.8°C respectively. From day ten onward, the temperature was increased to 39.6°C for 6 h per day. On day 17.5, 1,500 eggs with the evidence of living embryos were randomly selected and assigned to 6 treatments having five replicates of 50 eggs each. The treatments were: un-injected eggs (UI), eggs injected with only 0.5 ml distilled water (DW), 3.5 mg/egg cysteine (CY), 2mg/egg lysine (LY), 3.4 mg cysteine+2 mg lysine (CLH) and 1.7 mg cysteine+1 mg lysine (CLL). On day 21, the hatchability, anatomical characteristics, chick quality and the antioxidant status of the chicks were evaluated. During the post-hatch phase, data were collected on the haematology, biochemical parameters, growth performance and intestinal morphology of the birds. The results revealed that the hatchability of CY chicks was higher (p < 0.05) than in the other treatments, while the lowest values were recorded in CLH. The hatching muscle of the chicks of CLL was similar to those of CY but higher (p < 0.05) than the others. The MDA of DW and UI chickens was similar and higher than birds in the other treatment groups. The serum SOD of CLL birds was comparable to that of CY but higher than the values recorded in the other treatments. The final weights of CLL chickens were similar to those of LY but significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of the other treatments. The duodenal villus heights of the birds of CLL were higher than those of the other treatment groups, whereas the villus height of the birds of CLH was higher than those of UI, DW and CY. Overall, in ovo feeding of cysteine alone improved the hatchability of thermally-challenged broiler embryos. In contrast, a low-dose mixture of cysteine plus lysine improved the post-hatch growth performance.

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SUMMARYEffects of milking frequency on milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI) and effeciency of feed utilization for milk production was investigated in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats at Abeokuta in the humid zone of South Western Nigeria. Seventeen WAD goats were fed a ration comprising (on dry matter basis) 50% grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and 50% concentrate (17% crude protein) at 5% body weight. The study involved hand milking once (at 6.00 am), twice (at 6.00am and 6.00pm) and thrice (at 6.00 am, 2.00 pm and 10.00 pm) daily for 21 and 35 days covering two periods, from JuneOctober 2004 (Trial I) and April-July 2005 (Trial II) in a randomised complete block design. Kids were separated from their dams at day 14 and artificially reared. Compared to twice (2x) daily milking (322.2 mL/day), the milk yield for once (1x) daily milking (181.5 mL/day) was significantly (p<0.001) lowered by 43.7%. Milk yield for thrice (3x) daily milking (334.8 mL/day) was however, higher by 3.8% compared to 2x. Twice and thrice daily milking were not significantly different (p>0.05). As lactation progressed, day of lactation significantly (p<0.001) affected milk yield and declined by 2.5 mL for each additional day of lactation. Dry matter intake (DMI) significantly (p<0.05) increased with milking frequency. The DMI was 6.7% higher in trial I compared to trial II. Day of lactation had significant effect (p<0.001) on DMI increasing by 3.73 g for each additional day of lactation. The DMI for 2x and 3x daily milkings were however not different (p>0.05). Milking frequency had significant effect (p<0.001) on efficiency of feed utilization for milk production. The findings of this study indicate that milk yield and DMI increase with milking frequency. Therefore, it is concluded that twice daily milking of WAD goats optimises milk yield. RESUMENEn Abeokuta, en la zona húmeda de Nigeria, se estudiaron los efectos de la frecuencia de ordeño sobre la producción de leche, la ingestión de materia seca (DMI) y eficiencia de la utilización del alimento en cabras Enanas de Africa Occidental (WAD). Diecisiete cabras WAD fueron alimentadas con una ración compuesta (sobre materia seca) de 50% de gramíneas (Pennisetum purpureum) y 50% de concentrado (17% de proteína bruta) en la proporción de 5% del peso corporal. Se realizaron uno (a las 6:00 am), dos (a las 6:00 am y 6:00 pm) y tres (a las 6:00 am, 2:00 pm y 10:00 pm) ordeños diarios durante 21 y 35 días en dos periodos de junio a octubre de 2004 (ensayo I) y de abril a julio de 2005 (ensayo II) en un diseño de bloques completamente al azar. Los chivos fueron separados de sus madres el día 14Archivos de zootecnia vol. 61, núm. 235, p. 458. WILLIAMS, OSINOWO, SMITH, JAMES, IKEOBI, ONAGBESAN, SHITTU AND SOLOLA y alimentados con lactancia artificial. Comparado con los dos ordeños (2x) diarios (322,2 mL/día), el rendimiento de un solo (1x) ordeño (181,5 mL/ día) fue significtivamente (p<0,001) menor en un 43%. El rendimiento lácteo para tres (3x) ordeños diarios (334,8 mL/día) fue sin embargo sólo el 3,8...

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TN the Philippine Journal of Science of February, 1914, the authors •*-published the results of an extensive series of observations on the amount of radium emanation in the atmosphere of Manila. The wellknown charcoal-absorption method was used and the main part of the investigation was preceded by numerous tests on certain points concerned with the accuracy of the method. The work at Manila was supplemented by an investigation of the variation of the emanation content of the atmosphere with altitude, observations being taken on Mt. Pauai, elevation 2,460 meters, and the results compared with those for sea level. 1 Although the especial points of the investigation were those above mentioned we felt justified at that time, since the period involved extended over almost a year and a half, in pointing out certain evident relations between the emanation content of the atmosphere and the different meteorological factors. The data at our command was not considered sufficient, however, to justify the drawing of more than very general conclusions. During the past year observations have been taken with the object of determining more definitely to what extent the amount of radium emanation in the air is dependent on weather conditions. At the same time tests have been made on several other points which have a more or less direct bearing on the question.The experimental method used was described in detail in our previous paper, but for the sake of completeness a brief summary of the description will be given, together with such modifications as experience had shown to be advisable.The method had its origin in the discovery by Rutherford that charcoal made from the shells of coconuts possesses the property of absorbing radioactive emanations. Eve 2 and Satterly 3 independently applied the discovery to the determination of the radium-emanation content of the atmosphere. 1