Increasing ketamine dose enhances the anaesthetic properties of ketamine-xylazine-midazolam combinations in growing pigs : short communication

Abstract

The influence of increasing the dosage of ketamine on anaesthesia induced by a combination of ketamine, xylazine and midazolam in pigs was determined by assessing the onset of action (OAN), duration of analgesia (DAN), anaesthesia time (ANT), and recovery time (RCT) in 10 growing pigs (Mean weight: 18.2 ± 1.65 kg) receiving either 10 mg / kg intramuscular (i.m) injection of 10 % ketamine, 2 mg / kg i.m injection of 2 % xylazine and 0.25 mg / kg i.m injection of 0.1%midazolam (K10XM) or 20 mg / kg i.m injection of ketamine and 2 mg / kg i.m injection of xylazine and 0.25 mg / kg i.m injection of 0.1 % midazolam (K20XM). In addition, the heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (RR) and rectal temperatures (RT) were determined immediately after drug administration and at 10 minute intervals over a period of 60 minutes. Analgesia was assessed by the response of the pigs to artery forceps applied at the interdigital space. Recovery was determined as pigs' ability to stand without ataxia. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM while anaesthetic indices were compared using Student's t-tests. AP value of 0.05 was accepted as significant in all cases. In this study, both the OAN and RCT were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in K10XM (1.4 ± 0.2 min; 7.8 ± 2.2 min) than in K20XM (2.2 ± 0.2; 18.6 ± 1.4 min) respectively. Similarly, the duration of anaesthesia was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in K10XM (55.4 ± 8.4 min) than in K20XM (92.0 ± 13.6 min). The pigs that received K20XM combination had analgesia of duration of 41.4±12.6 min while those that received K10XM combination had no analgesia. However, the HR, RR, and RT were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between K10XM and K20XM. It was therefore concluded that the lower dose ketamine combination is better for the induction of anaesthesia, while the higher dose ketamine combination is preferable for surgery of short duration in pigs

Effects of varying doses of tramadol on ketamine anaesthesia for laparocaecectomy in layer chickens

“…Studies have shown that heart rates in birds may not change considerably from normal value after initial incisional responses (Hall et al, 2001). The fall in heart rate in the KL group is contrary to the behavior of ketamine in mammals in which case the drug is known to cause tachycardia (Ajadi et al, 2008). Salerno and van Tienhoven (1976) reported a dose dependent fall in heart rates following ketamine administration in chickens although higher dosages (30-120 mg) were investigated.…”

Infusão contínua intravenosa de midazolam isolado ou associado ao fentanil para realização de endoscopia em suínos

“…Os animais cujos escores fossem maior ou igual a dois receberiam incremento do plano anestésico por meio da administração intravenosa em bolus de 2mg kg -1 de cetamina. A qualidade da recuperação anestésica (RA) foi avaliada em função do comportamento do animal (Tabela 1), conforme proposto em estudo prévio (AJADI et al, 2008). Também foram avaliados, em minutos, os tempos do procedimento e da RA, sendo esta compreendida a partir da interrupção da infusão contínua dos fármacos até o restabelecimento da posição quadrupedal.…”

“…Paralelamente, deve-se ressaltar que a xilazina também exerce efeitos sedativos, analgésicos e cardiorrespiratórios, podendo ser observada a ocorrência de bradiarritmias, hipertensão transitória e depressão dose-dependente da função respiratória (AJADI et al, 2008). Entretanto, no atual estudo, apenas uma dose de xilazina foi aplicada 20 minutos antes da injeção IV de cetamina, de modo que o intervalo entre a administração da xilazina e o início da mensuração paramétrica foi de 30±12 minutos.…”

“…Em casos de procedimentos mais prolongados, doses adicionais de cetamina podem ser administradas pela via intravenosa, porém, as reaplicações prolongam a recuperação anestésica, sobretudo em animais cujo tecido adiposo é exuberante, como é o caso dos suínos adultos (LIN, 2007). Ademais, além de longa, a recuperação decorrente do uso de doses elevadas de cetamina pode ser agitada, predispondo o animal a traumatismos e estresse (AJADI et al, 2008).…”

Effects of intramuscular alfaxalone-midazolam combination in pigs

“…Several drugs have been combined and investigated in pigs for i.m. administration: ketamine, alfaxalone, tiletamine-zolazepam, tranquillizers (such as azaperone) and α2-agonists (Sakaguchi et al 1995;Hall et al 2001;Keats 2003;Kim et al 2007;Ajadi et al 2008;Bettschart-Wolfensberger et al 2013;Santos González et al 2013;Santos et al 2016).…”