The workload was predicted based on work pulse that was measured using 10 beats method on radial artery with a stopwatch. The indication of subjective disorders was measured based on the farmers' general fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders before and after work. General fatigue was measured using 30 Items Self-Rating Questionnaire Industrial Fatigue Research Committee from Japan Association of Industrial Health, while musculoskeletal disorders were measured using NIOSH Nordic Body Map Subjective Filling. Environment temperature was measured using sling Psychrometer. The noise was measured using Gossen's sound level meter. Statistical analysis to find out the mean difference of the data before and after work was analyzed using t-Paired test with significance level of 5%. RULA result recommended changing from bending work posture using the old tool into standing work posture using new hole maker. The old work posture (P0) showed RULA grand score of 7 with high-risk level, while the new work posture (P1) showed RULA grand score of 3 with low-risk level. There was a significant difference on subjective disorders of the farmers (p<0.05) on P0 and P1 on general fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders. The fatigue score of P0 was 51.27 while P1 was 40.82 which meant there was a reduction of 20.4%. While the musculoskeletal disorders score of P0 was 70.75 and P1 was 50.58 which meant there was a reduction of 28.5%. It can be concluded that the improvement of work posture using RULA analysis decreases work risk level and subjective disorders of strawberry farmers in Bali.

Latar belakang dan tujuan: Tujuan penelitian adalah  untuk mengetahui faktor risiko pekerjaan, pendidikan dan faktor risiko lainnya terhadap terjadinya katarak pada pasien yang berobat di Balai Kesehatan Mata Masyarakat di Kota Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat.Metode: Disain penelitian adalah kasus-kontrol dengan jumlah sampel kasus dan kontrol masing-masing sebanyak 40 (1:1). Variabel terikat adalah pasien dengan katarak dan variabel bebas adalah: pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan, diabetes melitus, riwayat penyakit katarak, perilaku merokok, paparan asap dan paparan sinar matahari. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan penelusuran dokumen catatan medis pasien. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat untuk mengetahui komparabilitas antara kelompok kasus dan kontrol dan untuk melihat crude OR. Analisis multivariat dilakukan untuk mengetahui adjusted OR.Hasil: Penelitian menemukan empat variabel yang menjadi faktor risiko kejadian katarak yaitu pendidikan, pendapatan, pekerjaan dan paparan sinar matahari dengan crude OR masing-masing sebesar 10,50 (95%CI: 3,39-32,52); 6,23 (95%CI: 2,35-16,51), 10,52 (95%CI: 3,56-31,12); dan 3,11 (95%CI: 1,25-7,78). Sedangkan diabetes melitus, riwayat keluarga dengan penyakit katarak, perilaku merokok dan paparan asap secara statistik tidak dijumpai sebagai faktor risiko katarak. Pada analisis  multivariat diperoleh bahwa faktor risiko yang paling berperan adalah pekerjaan dengan OR=9,81 (95%CI: 1,85-52,02) dan pendidikan dengan OR=6,53 (95%CI: 1,42-29,92).Simpulan: Pekerjaan dan pendidikan merupakan faktor risiko yang signifikan terhadap terjadinya katarak pada pasien yang berkunjung di Balai Kesehatan Mata Masyarakat di Kota Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat.

Improvement of Sickle Quality Through Ergonomic Participatory Approach at Batunya Village Tabanan Regency: SUTJANA D.P., et al. Dept, of Physiology, Udayana University, School of Medicine—Sickles are the most common hand tools used by farmers, but nowadays farmers are complaining that the sickles being used are of low quality in term of sharpness, comfort and durability. In view of this problem, a participatory ergonomics study has been carried out at Batunya village for one year (from April 1995 to March 1996). A sample of 119 farmers participated in this study. Through interviews and seminars at the local meeting hall and at the University of Udayana, opinions were gathered from the farmers regarding the sickles used concerning their sharpness, shape, weight and handle design. During the seminar the ergonomic application was also discussed with the farmers. All information was given to the blacksmiths to improve the quality of the sickle. The new sickles with a JBS mark are being sold to the farmers through the local KUD as a trial, and the farmers have been asked to comment on the new design. There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between the old and the new sickles from the point of view of productivity, but according to the farmers the new design JBS sickles perform better than the old ones. KUD officials reported that the sale of JBS sickles was better than that of the old design. By continuing this procedure a sickle can be designed ergonomically.

The activity of traditional dodol stirrer workers is done with standing position. The stirring process is done monotonically and over a long period of 5 hours. This study aims to show that workplace stretching exercise administration and modification of working conditions may decrease musculoskeletal and fatigue complaintas in traditional dodol stirrer workers. The stirring tool (siut) used by the worker does not correspond to anthropomethry, causing a work with a bent position. This study was an experimental study, with the same subject design. Period I subjects were treated with conventional working condition. Period II subjects were treated with workplace stretching exercise administration and improved working conditions in the form of re-design the stirring tool(siut) of the dodol stirrer and active rest. Musculoskeletal complaints were measured by Nordic body map questionnaires on a 4 likert scale, working fatigue using 30 item rating scales. Analysis of the collected data is started with the descriptive analysis and the normality data tested using Shapiro-Wilk. Further, the data that has normal distribution are analyzed using t-paired and the data that has not a normal distribution are analyzed using Wilcoxon test. This study indicated that the administration of workplace stretching exercise and modification of working conditions can decreasing musculoskeletal decline of 18.3 % from the mean 12.67±0.50 to 5.59±0.52 and fatigue decreased by 18.5% from the mean 12.42±1.45 to 5.34±0.66 It can be concluded that the provision of workplace stretching exercise and modification of working condition can decrease musculoskeletal complaintas and fatigue of dodol stirrer workers. So it is advisable for the dodol making industry to applied this technique of exercise to minimize complaints due to the working process of stirring dodol.

Background: Physical fitness determines the level of human health. A good physical fitness can be achieved if conducted with a balance and active physical fitness. The aims of this study was to elucidate the effect of balanced physical exercise on physical fitness, endorphin levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Methods: This study was a true experimental with pretest-posttest control group design using 24 students of IKIP PGRI Denpasar. Selected samples divided into two groups: the control group given conventional physical training (P0) and the treatment group given balanced physical training (P1). Physical fitness tests was performed using Cooper method and blood sampling was done to evaluate the level of endorphins and MDA before (pre test) and after (post test) treatment of 8 weeks. The data of endorphin and MDA levels were analyzed using independent T test. Whereas, the physical fitness was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Physical fitness of the group given a balanced physical training was significantly higher compare to the group given a conventional physical training (p < 0.05). Balanced physical training was proven to enhance physical fitness as measured by the Cooper method better than conventional physical training. In contrast, the levels of endorphins of the balanced physical training group did not different with the conventional physical training group (p > 0.05). Levels of MDA of balanced physical training group also did not different with the conventional physical training group (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Balanced physical training can maintain physical fitness of people and improve the health and quality of life.

The aim of the research was to analyze the work posture of the workers using the RULA method. The research was conducted experimentally by applying the treatment by subject design using 12 samples which were given two treatments; wok molding workers with the former molding facility (P0), and wok molding workers with the new molding facility with the ergonomic intervention (PI). Conclusion of this research is the RULA analysis result on the work posture of placing the end work on the temporary place (P0) gave a score of 7. This score shows a high-risk level and needs work posture improvement immediately. The work on PI showed the RULA score of 3, which means that there is a decrease from a high risk at a low-risk level. The average time needed to mold a wok on P0 was 1.46 minutes/unit, and on PI was 1.23 minutes/unit or down 18.7%. Therefore it recommended for wok molding worker to use ergonomic work posture (PI).

Many routine activities undertaken in the household are repeated every day throughout the year so can potentially cause health problems if not applied theprinciples of ergonomics. From the survey and measurement of domestic workers in several places in Denpasar, we found that the most complained was the process of ironing so it’s a priority to look for a solution. That complaints arise because the process of ironing is in static and monotony position. In addressing this issue , we need a change in attitude of working so that static work posture can be avoided. The use of specially designed chairs can make workers to work with a dynamic working attitude that is alternating sitting-standing posture.This experimental study using teatment by subject design with two periodeintervension  that sitting posture  and alternating sitting-standing  posture. The number of samples studied were 9 people using simple random  sampling technique. The study was conducted in a place that has been designed such as a simulation. Data collection was conducted over three days to sitting posture and three days to alternating sitting-standing posture at 8:00 to 17:00 pm divided into three sessions.In the assessment of workload showed a decrease of 19.72 % working pulse and the reduction of %CVL was 19.80%. Musculoskeletal complaints fell by 13.15%. Pain in the waist and buttocks most complained at work sitting posture (waist 37.04%; buttocks 33.33% ). For fatigue assessment using Bourdon Wiersma Questionnaires obtained 11.79% increase in speed, 42.68% in accuracy, and 13.21% in constancy. There was an increase in productivity by 38.46%, which is associated with reduced workload and duration of work. After statistical tests, obtained all the change that occur significant (p<0.05). Working-time graph showed that workers could work for eight hours continuously.It can be concluded that alternating sitting-standing posture can reduce workload, fatigue,  and musculoskeletal complaints, as well as increase productivity iron women in the household. The results of this research can be used to improve the quality of life of the worker in household.

Karakteristik pengukir kendang tambur dilakukan dengan posisi duduk di lantai, sikap kerja membungkuk selama 8 jam dan 6 hari dalam seminggu. Hal inilah yang memicu timbulnya keluhan pegal yang dirasakan terutama pada bagian punggung bawah. Intervensi dengan pemberian alas duduk berupa matras serta upaya preventif   berupa Mc Kenzie exercise dapat mengurangi ketegangan otot erector spinae dan keluhan muskuloskeletal akibat proses kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa pemberian alas duduk dan Mc Kenzie exercise dapat menurunkan ketegangan otot dan keluhan muskuloskeletal serta meningkatkan produktivitas pada pengukir kendang tambur di UD. Budi Luhur Gianyar.        Penelitian ini merupakan true eksperimental, dengan rancangan sama subjek. Periode 1 subjek diberi perlakuan dengan kondisi kerja konvensional. Periode 2 subjek diberi perlakuan dengan pemberian alas duduk berupa matras dan Mc Kenzie exercise. Di antara ke dua tahap tersebut, diberikan washing out period dan adaptasi. Ketegangan otot erector spinae diukur dengan alat ­Surface Electromyography (SEMG), keluhan muskuloskeletal diukur dengan kuesioner Nordic Body Map dan produktivitas berdasarkan perbandingan antara input dan waktu  dengan output. Efek intervensi dianalisis dengan uji Wilcoxon dan uji T-paired.        Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan ketegangan otot erector spinae sebesar 21,39% (p<0,05), penurunan keluhan muskuloskeletal sebesar 29,52% (p<0,05) dan peningkatan produktivitas sebesar 22,13% (p<0,05).        Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian alas duduk dan Mc Kenzie exercise dapat menurunkan ketegangan otot dan keluhan muskuloskeletal serta meningkatkan produktivitas pada pengukir kendang tambur di UD. Budi Luhur Gianyar. Sehingga disarankan untuk diterapkan pada industri pengukir kendang tambur, untuk meminimalkan ketegangan otot dan keluhan muskuloskeletal akibat proses kerja mengukir.