Renewable energy had been monopolized the research area in these past decade up till nowadays, due to its reliability and future in global production of electrical and thermal energy. Narrowing down the scope to the photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system, lots of improvements had been implied both theoretically and experimentally. One of the most attractive applications of PVT water or air-based collectors is building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) system, which has undergone rapid developments in recent years. This review paper comprises the research findings on the improvements that had been integrated by PVT systems as well as well as personal and cited remarks on advancements on cooling techniques on PVT system.
<p><em>The development of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system is a very promising area of research. PVT systems using in various applications, such as solar drying, solar cooling, water heating, desalination, and pool heating. With the recognition of the potentials and contributions of PV system, considerable research has been conducted to attain the most advancement which may produce reliable and sustainable PVT system. The cooling system’s design refers to the absorber design which mostly focuses on water and air-based PVT systems. An air-based system has been developed through different absorber configurations, air flow modes and single- or double-pass design.</em><em> Hence, a summarization on various research and development of air-based PVT system will be presented.</em></p>
Nanofluids as a new generation of cooling fluid has been found in recent years to improve the heat-transfer coefficient and enhance the system performance. This study presents investigation conducted on the performances of TiO2 and MWCNT nanofluids-based PVT systems. The preparation of nanofluids using two step method and dispersing of surfactant for a stable nanofluid. The experimental investigation with the effect of different concentration, mass flow rate (0.012 kg/s to 0.0255 kg/s) and solar radiation (500 W/m2 to 900 W/m2) on the performance of nanofluids-based PVT system is presented. The lowest temperature of the PV module and highest fluid’s change of temperature were recorded when the collector uses TiO2 fluid 1.0 wt% which is 2.01°C and 1.80°C.
A photovoltaic (PV) system integrated with a bi-fluid cooling mechanism, which is known as photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system, was investigated. The electrical characteristics of flexible solar panel were evaluated for PV and PV with bi-fluid (air and water) cooling system. The integration of monocrystalline flexible solar panel into both systems was tested under a fixed solar radiation of 800 W/m2. A total of 0.04–0.10 kg/s of air flow was utilised in PV with cooling system with a fixed water mass flow rate of 0.025 kg/s. The efficiencies of flexible panel for PV and PV with cooling system were explored. For PV with bi-fluid flow, the highest obtained efficiency of module was 15.95% when 0.08 kg/s of air and 0.025 kg/s of water were allowed to flow through the cooling system. Compared with PV without cooling mechanism, the highest efficiency of module was 13.35% under same solar radiation. Current–voltage and power graphs were also plotted to present the electrical characteristics (current, voltage and power) generated by both systems.
Conventional fuels are not free, scarce and expensive, and its future cost and availability are uncertain. Hence, the usage of solar energy in applications will probably increase and further become economically feasible in the near future. Solar energy is free, clean, and renewable and has been widely used in electricity generation and thermal energy via photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system. PVT is a hybrid system consists of a PV panel and a solar collector in a single unit to simultaneously produce electricity and thermal energy. In this review, energy and exergy efficiency for water-based PVT systems is presented. As conclusion, the study on exergy is still limited and is recommended to be furthered in order to obtained useful energy generation by the system.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells are currently limited by the temperature factor that causes the drop of efficiency when the module temperature rises. Many approaches were made to solve the issue so that the performance of the solar cell is improved including the integration of thermoelectric generator (TEG) hybrid. The objective of these improvements is to increase the temperature coefficient that will enhance the efficiency of the solar cells. Some approach may produce other benefits like thermal energy or building integration other than producing electrical energy. Common PV panels only utilize 15-30% of the irradiation received while the rest of it are reflected away or turned into heat waste. In this paper, the relationship of PV heat waste and PV performance relationship is explored. Photovoltaic/thermal-thermoelectric generator (PV/T-TEG) hybrid layouts were compared based on its performances including overall efficiency to identify solutions for this type of application. PV efficiency and losses due to thermal limits will demonstrate the issue as temperature increases. Solar cell that is available in the current market is simulated for its temperature prediction and heat dissipation. This will determine the potential application for a TEG hybrid. Previous conducted experiments and simulations show a 0.14% to 5.2% increment in electrical efficiency. The prediction model will agree with this range of finding. The current advancement in solar PV/T-TEG is compiled and the future approach that can be taken to solve the temperature limits will be discussed.
<p>This review presents various research and development, as well as design and performances of bifluid-based PVT systems. Moreover, the development of PVT system is a very promising area of research. PVT systems using in various applications, such as solar drying, solar cooling, water heating, desalination, and pool heating. With the recognition of the potentials and contributions of PV system, considerable research has been conducted to attain the most advancement which may produce reliable and sustainable PVT system. The cooling system’s design refers to the absorber design which mostly focuses on water and air-based PVT systems. An air-based system has been developed through different absorber configurations, air flow modes and single- or double-pass design. Bifluid-based PVT system is used to remove heat accumulated in a PV panel and reuses the waste heat (hot air and water) in an appropriate way. PV, thermal and PVT efficiencies of bifluid PVT systems were 6.6%-18.6%, 31%–90% and 60%-83%, respectively. </p>
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