<span lang="EN-US">Solar energy is secure, clean, and available on earth throughout the year. The PV/T system is a device designed to receive solar energy and convert it into electric/thermal energy. Nanofluid is a new generation of heat transfer fluid with promising higher thermal conductivity and improve heat transfer rate compared with conventional fluids. In this review, the recent studies of PV/T using nanofluid is discussed regarding basic concept and theory PV/T, thermal conductivity of nanofluid and experimentally and theoretically study the perfromance of PV/T using nanofluid. A review of the literature shows that many studies have evaluated the potential of nanofluid as heat transfer fluid and optical filter in the PV/T system. The preparations of nanofluid play an essential key for high stability and homogenous nanofluid for a long period. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid is depending on the size of nanoparticles, concentration and preparation of nanofluids.</span>
<span lang="EN-US">Solar radiation can be converted to the electrical energy and thermal energy by photovoltaic panel and solar collector. In this experiment, PV/T collector was designed, fabricated and tested its performance. The experiment conducted on PV/T collector with water flow at mass flow rate 0.012 kg/s to 0.0255 kg/s. The water flow with the stainless stell absorber help the PV/T collector in increasing the convection of thermal heat transfer. The power output increase with increase of radiation. The efficiency of PVT varies with different intensity of radiation which stated in this experiment for 750 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 900 W/m<sup>2</sup>. The analysis of energy and exergy are excuted and results show energy output for water based PV/T collector are 346 W for solar radiation 700 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 457 W for solar radiation 900 W/m<sup>2</sup>. Meanwhile the total exergy output compared to the PV panel without stainless stell absorber, which the exergy increased by 22.48% for 700 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 20.87% for 900 W/m<sup>2</sup>.</span>
Nanofluids as a new generation of cooling fluid has been found in recent years to improve the heat-transfer coefficient and enhance the system performance. This study presents investigation conducted on the performances of TiO2 and MWCNT nanofluids-based PVT systems. The preparation of nanofluids using two step method and dispersing of surfactant for a stable nanofluid. The experimental investigation with the effect of different concentration, mass flow rate (0.012 kg/s to 0.0255 kg/s) and solar radiation (500 W/m2 to 900 W/m2) on the performance of nanofluids-based PVT system is presented. The lowest temperature of the PV module and highest fluid’s change of temperature were recorded when the collector uses TiO2 fluid 1.0 wt% which is 2.01°C and 1.80°C.
Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) studies show promising results from utilizing waste heat under the PV module. Heat removal is essentially the base of a PVT collector. The heat absorption from the back of the PV module used for different purposes. Solar energy being collected are mostly turned into heat and needs to be extracted to maintain PV’s efficiency. The PVT collector works similar to a flat plate solar collector, except that the short wavelengths are converted into electricity and the remaining wavelengths into useful heat. The heat collected is also at a lower magnitude than collected by solar thermal collectors. This study present the experimental investigation to improve the efficiency of PVT collector with and without Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) nanofluid using spiral rectangular tube absorber as cooling. The electrical characteristic of PVT collector are represented by plotting power (P)-voltage (V), current (I)-voltage (V) curves. The results shows the power generated will increase with the increasing of solar radiation, and efficiency is slightly higher than the PVT collector without MWCNT. In addition, the highest maximum power increase is obtained when the 0.1 wt% MWCNT nanofluid is used as a coolant in the PVT collector.
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