Summary A considerable variety of Indonesian avifauna is forced into the domestic and international pet trade, where the majority of individuals are caught in the wild. To monitor the volume and development of the trade and to evaluate the threat status of the traded species, bird market surveys are usually performed. The most commonly used monitoring technique is the “Direct Counting Method – DCM”, i.e. the counting of openly displayed individuals offered for sale. In this study, we evaluate the reliability of the outputs that DCM delivers by conducting regular long-term bird censuses at two of the main animal markets in Medan (Sumatra, Indonesia) involving 10 major local vendors specialising in the Sumatran Laughingthrush (Garrulax bicolor; SL), our target species. Both markets were visited from March to December 2015 with three different survey intervals (one, two and four visits per month). In total, according to DCM, we recorded up to 461 SL individuals offered for sale. However, a comparison of the monthly logs recorded directly by the vendors during the same period revealed that DCM only uncovered a negligible proportion of the total trade. Specifically, we detected only 4.6%, 8.1% and 16.1% of the traded SL individuals in relation to the set survey intervals. While the numbers of recorded SL individuals according to DCM and the three survey intervals were significantly interrelated, none of them correlated with the real numbers of traded birds provided by the vendors. Our results suggest that census-based market data are underestimated, and represent an unknown proportion of true trade volumes, regardless of the intensity of visits. In order to obtain reliable data and prevent the underestimation of the volume of trade, we recommend of undisclosed monitoring of markets and the engagement of trusted individuals with a past personal interest in this field or, if possible, the vendors themselves.

Forest structure, defined as the three-dimensional vertical and horizontal distribution of canopy vegetation, has great influence on the distribution patterns and abundance of forest primates. The complexity of this structural canopy produces a diverse range of microhabitats and distinct ecological niches, allowing ecologically similar species to co-exist. Degradation of forests through anthropogenic factors significantly alters forest structure, and arboreal species such as gibbons are particularly vulnerable to these changes due to their reliance on canopy for survival. We investigated how forest structural variables influenced the density of two sympatric gibbon species (siamangs Symphalangus syndactylus and lar gibbons Hylobates lar) in Sikundur, a historically disturbed tropical lowland forest in north Sumatra. We used auditory sampling to establish group density in 10 locations and assessed structural characteristics of forest within 4-6 vegetation plots in each location. Lar gibbon group densities were 0.53-3.10 groups/km2 and siamang group densities were lower, with 0.0-1.0 groups/km2. The densities of both species were positively influenced by median height of first bole and the percentage of canopy connectivity. Lar gibbon group density was positively related to large (DBH 30-100 cm), tall (20-25 m) trees with a large crown area (100-300m2), while siamang group density showed no significant relationships with these variables. These findings show canopy connectivity and height to first bole are significant structural variables for the continued presence of

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This study reports on the accumulation of lead (Pb) in the talus Lichenes found on roadside stands of mahogany trees in the city of Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Samples were taken by purposive, ie location based on the level of traffic density with different air pollution. Pb analysis was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Identified as many as 8 kinds of Lichens with 2 types, namely talus Crustose and foliose. Type of Lepraria incana and Pertusaria amara, which is found in the three study sites belonging to the cosmopolitan types. Pb accumulated in the talus Pertusaria amara ranged from 5.23 to 15.07 ppm. Being on Lepraria incana ranged 1.19 to 4.88 ppm. Pertusaria amara much larger than the Lepralia incana, have potential as bio-indicators of resistance. Lichenes Pb correlation with traffic density showed Pertusaria amara has a very high level and significant correlation compared with other types.

In this paper, we reported about the facile method to generate N-Graphene Nano Sheets (N-GNS) on room temperature. The purposes of this research are to synthesize and characterize N-GNS. This research used the modified Hummers's method to generate GNS and doping nitrogen to N-GNS used ammonia 10 M at T = 30 o C. The N-GNS was characterized by using XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDX. The XRD data show that N atoms was well be deposited on GNS to form N-GNS, it was indicated by the broad and weak peak was appear at 2θ = 26.3 o . This data is consistent with SEM-EDX, where the N atoms content on N-GNS is 2.72 %. FTIR data also defenitely confirm that there is interaction between C and N, indicating by the peak is appear at 1396 cm -1 . All of data show that the N is exist on GNS, it probes N-GNS may synthesized by facile method on room temperature.

Abstract. Siregar ES, Pasaribu N, Khairani. 2020. The liverwort family Lejeuneaceae (Marchantiophyta) of Mount Lubuk Raya, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2767-2776. Lejeuneaceae is the largest family in the liverworts. Information on the species of Lejeuneaceae in North Sumatra is still less reported, especially in Mount Lubuk Raya has never been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the diversity of Lejeuneaceae in Mount Lubuk Raya, North Sumatra. The study was done using survey method by exploring along the hiking tracks on the study site. All the samples found were collected and then identified in the laboratory-based on morphological characters used the existing literature of Lejeuneaceae. Thirty-seven species of Lejeuneaceae, belonging to 18 genera were identified from Mount Lubuk Raya. Eight species are proposed as new reported for Sumatra: Ceratolejeunea belangeriana, Colura vitiensis, Lejeunea curviloba, Lejeunea dipterota, Lepidolejeunea bidentula, Leptolejeunea maculata, Schiffneriolejeunea pulopenangensis, Spruceanthus planiusculus. Identification key of species and pictures of species newly recorded is provided in this paper.

The Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) distribution has been studied in the southern part of North Sumatera, which is in the South Labuhanbatu district, North Padanglawas, Padanglawas, SouthTapanuli, Padangsidempuan city and Mandailing Natal district. The aims ofthis study was to determine the distribution area of balakka based on rainfall, lands cover and soil type. The data were collectedby observation. Distribution data are presented in the  form of map using ArcView 3.3 Software. The results of the analysis showed that the common balakka was distributed in the rainfall region of 2000 – 2500 mm/year in dryland farming and the humic acrisols soil.

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