Perubahan gaya hidup dan pola makan menjadi salah satu penyebab terjadinya gangguan saluran pencernaan. Gangguan pencernaan yang paling banyak diderita adalah dispepsia. Dalam hal ini banyak faktor risiko yang menyebabkan terjadinya kekambuhan dispepsia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran karakteristik pasien dan penggunaan obat dispepsia di klinik A daerah Bekasi Timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode cross sectional dengan metode pengambilan data secara retrospektif melalui rekam medik pasien. Pemilihan sampel dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling dimana terdapat 200 sampel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dalam penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Karakteristik pasien dispepsia di Klinik A Daerah Bekasi Timur yang dominan adalah berjenis kelamin perempuan (60%), berada pada rentang umur ≥ 56 tahun (27,5%), tanpa ada penyakit penyerta (76,5%), jenis penyakit penyerta hipertensi (46,42%), frekuensi kedatangan pasien 1 kali (64,5%), dan penggunaan obat dispepsia dengan 3 kombinasi (57%). Dari hasil uji statistik dihasilkan pernyataan bahwa jenis kelamin, umur tidak mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan frekuensi dispepsia (p > 0,05). Penyakit penyerta mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan frekuensi dispepsia (p < 0,05). Jenis kelamin, umur, penyakit penyerta tidak mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan penggunaan obat dispepsia (p > 0,05). Frekuensi dispepsia mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan obat dispepsia (p < 0,05).
The rhizome of Kaempferia galanga has been known to contain ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) (1) as a main component, which has anti-inflammatory properties. Previously we have reported the structural modification of EPMC (1) to form another ester, nitrostyrene, and cinnammamide derivatives and then studied their structure-activity relationships as anti-inflammatory agent. In continuing our research, in this paper, we report the microwave-assisted Claisen-Schmidt condensation of EPMC (1) to synthesize a series of p-methoxystyryl ketones followed by a study of their anti-inflammatory activity. The reaction begins with microwave-assisted cleavage oxidation of hydrolyzed product of EPMC, p-methoxycinnamic acid (2) with Ca(NO3)2 for the synthesis of p-methoxybenzaldehyde (3). Furthermore, 3 was reacted with acetophenone, ethyl methyl ketone and acetone via microwave-assisted Claisen-Schmidt condensation for the synthesis of (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one (5a) (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pent-1-en-3-one (5b) and (E)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one (5c), respectively. The reaction products were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and were then tested for anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro anti-denaturation of protein assay. It was found that converting EPMC (1) to 5a and 5b reduced anti-inflammatory activity, while 5c retained anti-denaturation activity with an IC50 of 72.8 µg/ml.
The rhizome of Kaempferia galanga has been known to contain ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) (1) as a main component, which has anti-inflammatory properties. Previously we have reported the structural modification of EPMC (1) to form another ester, nitrostyrene, and cinnammamide derivatives and then studied their structure-activity relationships as anti-inflammatory agent. In continuing our research, in this paper, we report the microwave-assisted Claisen-Schmidt condensation of EPMC (1) to synthesize a series of p-methoxystyryl ketones followed by a study of their anti-inflammatory activity. The reaction begins with microwave-assisted cleavage oxidation of hydrolyzed product of EPMC, p-methoxycinnamic acid (2) with Ca(NO3)2 for the synthesis of p-methoxybenzaldehyde (3). Furthermore, 3 was reacted with acetophenone, ethyl methyl ketone and acetone via microwave-assisted Claisen-Schmidt condensation for the synthesis of (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-one (5a) (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pent-1-en-3-one (5b) and (E)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one (5c), respectively. The reaction products were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and were then tested for anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro anti-denaturation of protein assay. It was found that converting EPMC (1) to 5a and 5b reduced anti-inflammatory activity, while 5c retained anti-denaturation activity with an IC50 of 72.8 µg/ml.
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women worldwide, and it is also the main cause of death from cancer. Fern Angiopteris angustifolia C. Presl and Liverwort Mastigophora diclados (Birs.ex Web) Nees are the plants that grow in Indonesia that are limited explored for their phytochemical and biological activity. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of ethanolic extracts leaves of A. angustifolia and M. diclados against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). The MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxic activity, which revealed that the ethanol extract of A. Angustifolia and M. diclados exhibited cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 121.8 ± 13.3 and 29.2 ±1.4 µg /mL, respectively.
Pasak bumi" (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) has been used traditionally for aphrodisiac, antimalaria, activities as anticancer, antidiabetic, and antihypertension. E. longifolia can be used with synthetic hypertensive drugs like irbesartan. This study was to investigate the diuretic effect of E. longifolia extract and its combination with irbesartan in normal rats, determinate the LD 50 value and the toxic effect that influence the organ weight and histopathology of mice. Aqueous extracts of E. longifolia (40 mg/kgBB) and its combination with irbesartan (20, 40, 80 mg/kgBB) were administered orally to experimental rats strain Sprague Dawley. The concentration of sodium and potassium from urine were measured with AAS. The data was analyzed with ANOVA one way. The acute toxicity test was determinated by Weil method. The dose of combination E. longifolia extract-irbesartan were 1000 mg, 2000 mg, 4000 mg and 8000 mg/kg. The observation was carried out in 14 day including clinical signs, percentages of death and histopatology of mice organs. The result showed that all of tested group have significant diuretic activity (p<0.05) compared with control group, there's no significant difference between single dose extract of E.longifolia (40 mg/kgBB) and irbesartan (40 mg/kgBB) but the combination of both have lower activity. The combination of E. longifolia extract with irbesartan have LD 50 value 23.951 g/kg (categorized as non toxic compound). The result of histopathological showed that there're no significant pathologic effects in the kidney, liver and heart.
Antibiotic resistance can be caused due to its improper use. This study aimed to investigate the profile of information provided by pharmacy staff in Tangerang City to patients with prescriptions containing antibiotics and the actions taken by them on requests for antibiotics without a prescription. This was a crosssectional study. Data were collected from pharmacy through the simulation patient method. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. The results showed that of the 55 pharmacies visited by patients, 98.18% of pharmacy staff who dispensed drugs to patients were non-pharmacists. The most information items provided to patients were the frequency of drug use. As many as 89.09% of pharmacy staff gave additional antibiotics asked by patients without prescription. Pharmacy staff services for patient taking antibiotic drugs in Tangerang City need to be reevaluated so that they are in accordance with regulations.
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