220 SummaryCystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, is potentially dangerous for humans. The aim of this study was to examine serological and clinical findings regarding cysts localisation and individual responses in 54 patients with CE. The majority of patients in this study were females (63 %) and the average age was 46.3 years. Most of the patients lived in rural areas or kept a dog (46 %) for a long time. The most frequent symptoms were hypochondrial pain (48.9 %), epigastrial discomfort (27.7 %), vomiting (21.3 %), minor cough (12.8 %), urticaria (6.3 %), weakness (4.3 %), fever (2.1 %), side-or backache (4.3 %). However, 17 % of the patients showed no symptoms. In every case, the ultrasound (USG) and/or computer tomography (CT) investigations were positive. In most cases (53.2 % of the patients) a single cyst was found but 46.8 % of the patients had multiple cyst formations (from 2 to 9 cysts) located in the liver. Sporadic lung, splenetic, mesenterial, tibial and cerebral localisations were also found. The patients were individually treated with albendazol (10 -15 mg/kg) five days prior and six months after the surgical treatment. Serum samples were investigated by the serological techniques: IHAT, ELISA and Western blot using hydatid fluid antigen. In the patient sera, the specific antibody levels were mostly increased after surgery. Different results were obtained only in two patients. In the first case, seroconversion was delayed. In the other case all ELISA results were negative, however, the Western blot analysis and surgery proved the presence of CE. The results suggest that the different antibody response of patients depends on the individual immune response. Multiple localization and various stages of CE cysts demonstrate the necessity of a complex approach for the confirmation of a correct diagnosis.

57 SummaryCystic echinococcosis (CE) due to Echinococcus granulosus is one of the most important helminthic diseases in Turkey where it constitutes a public health and economic problems. Its mean annual incidence in humans is 4.4/100 000 and the prevalence of the tapeworm agent in domestic animals ranges from 11.2 to 50.7 %. Since 1980s, albendazole has been used for treatment of the disease, and this benzimidazole drug has been considered to be of relatively low toxicity. However, prolonged albendazole therapy of CE became to be a common practice, and data on possible genotoxic effects of the medication in humans are lacking. This study has concerned 17 women and 11 men, in total 28 patients with liver cystic hydatid complaints, who were administered albendazole (15 mg/kg) preoperatively (2 weeks) and postoperatively (6 months). Genotoxic effects of albendazole were searched using Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberations (CAs) methods, comparing lymphocyte chromosomes of treated patients and a control group of healthy individuals. The results indicated a significant increase of SCE frequencies and decrease of MI in the treated group (p < 0.001). Regarding CAs, any difference between the groups was not determined.

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SummaryEchinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and many domestic animals, and still one of the most important global health problem in the world and in Turkey. Infection with metacestode causes severe illness and high economic losses. Several strains of Echinococcus have been identified based on the epidemiological and biological characteristics of strains. In this study, a total of 18 individual hydatid cyst samples from cattle were examined. They were obtained from central slaughterhouse in the province of Manisa/Turkey between 2010-2012. The total genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted using RTA-DNA Isolation Kit (Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey) according to manufacturer instructions from protoscoleces and cystic germinal membranes. The aim of this study was to provide molecular characterization of E. granulosus isolates which were obtained from cattles by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Manisa province of Turkey. After PCR, to investigate the genetic characteristics of isolates, deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NAD1) genes were performed with ABI Prism Genetic Analyzer 3100 instrument. As a result of our study, all (18) cattle isolates were detected as E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3 complex). This is the first molecular study report genotyping of Echinococcus isolates from cattle in Manisa province. Keywords: Echinococcus granulosus, Cattle, Genotyping, PCR, DNA Sequence, Turkey Manisa İlinde Echinococcus granulosus'un Sığır İzolatlarının Moleküler Analizi ÖzetEchinococcus granulosus insanda ve birçok evcil hayvanda kistik ekinokokkozise (KE) neden olan etkendir ve hala dünyada ve Türkiye'de en önemli sağlık problemlerinden biridir. Metasestodlarla infeksiyon şiddetli hastalıklara ve yüksek ekonomik kayıplara neden olur. Bazı Echinococcus suşları, suşların epidemiyolojik ve biyolojik karakteristiklerine dayanarak tanımlanmaktadır. Çalışmamızda sığırlardan elde edilen toplam 18 örnek incelenmiştir. Örnekler 2010-2012 yılları arasında Manisa merkez mezbahasından elde edilmiştir. Total genomik DNA (gDNA) üretici firmanın talimatları doğrultusunda protoskoleks ve kistik germinal membranlardan RTA-DNA İzolasyon Kiti kullanılarak (Gebze/Kocaeli, Türkiye) izole edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de Manisa ilindeki sığırlardan elde edilen E. granulosus izolatlarının Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) ile moleküler karakterizasyonunun elde edilmesidir. PZR'dan sonra, izolatların genetik karakteristiklerini araştırmak için mitokondrial sitokrom c oksidaz alt ünite 1 (CO1) ve nikotinamid adenin dinükleotit dehidrogenaz alt ünite 1 (NAD1) genleri deoksiribonükleik asit dizileme ile ABI Prism Genetik Analizör 3100 cihazıyla çalışıldı. Çalışmamızın sonucu olarak, tüm (18) sığır izolatları E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3 kompleksi) olarak teşhis edildi. Bu çalışma Manisa ilindeki sığırlardan elde edilen Echinococcus izolatlarının ilk moleküler genotipl...

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Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is the most prevalent disease in Europe, and probably accounts for more than 95% of the estimated 2-3 million global cases. CE is a fatal and serious disease. Turkey is among the countries where this problem still poses a public threat. This study was a pilot study to create the awareness of CE among 10 different districts of Izmir province, Turkey. Awareness raising seminars are essential component of this study for students and schoolteachers. Questionnaire forms were created and applied before and after the presentations. Printed materials, posters and brochures were disseminated and posters put on the walls or boards where students can see continuously. Even 4090 students attended to the trainings, questionnaires were filled by 3793 of the students. Out of 3793 students, 1978 (52.1%) were female and 1815 (47.9%) were male. The majority of students (94.2%) did not know anything about this disease. 93.1% students were stated that there were stray dogs in their environment. More than half of the students were playing with stray dogs. Nearly 90% of the students answered correctly the questions which were asked after presentation.The total number of administrators and teachers who attended to the seminars were 242. This is the first pilot study regarding creating awareness on CE in the Izmir Province, Turkey that covers the big sample-size of children including schoolteachers. This study helped them understand the importance of the problem and how it can be solved by protecting themselves while respecting human and animal rights. It will be used for establishing nationwide control programme.

Discrimination of higher educated migrants? Discrimination of higher educated migrants? The core question in this article is whether discrimination exists towards higher educated immigrants in the Netherlands. We used two methods to answer this question: so-called 'paired testing' in the form of correspondence analysis, and an additional resume analysis. The first method is based on letters from fictitious applicants, reacting on real vacancies. The content of the letters and resumes were as identical as possible, while the candidates differed in ethnic origin. The second method uses almost identical resumes, placed on vacancy websites. Again the (fictitious) candidates differ in ethnic origin. In both cases the analyses focus on differences in reaction (whether or not the candidates are invited for a job interview). The results are such that we can not establish discrimination. This outcome does not conclude the discussion on labour market discrimination, since we did not investigate the final job offer to the different candidates. Furthermore, our research method is restricted to recruitment through job advertisements and vacancy sites. This means that recruitment via networks stays behind the scene. Finally, it is possible that our findings are related to the actual tightened labour market situation that restricts employers' discrimination chances.

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato by molecular analysis with Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) method by collecting stool samples from stray animals that can be reached in 9 of the 10 determined districts of Izmir province (Aliaga, Menemen, Bornova, Urla, Selcuk, Bayindir, Odemis, Tire, Kiraz). Materials and Methods: Thirty samples from Aliaga, 41 samples from Menemen, 35 samples from Bornova, 10 samples from Urla, 40 samples from Selcuk, 40 samples from Bayındır, 33 samples from Odemis, 45 samples from Tire, 26 samples from Kiraz, totally 300 stool samples were collected. The samples were left at −80°C for 5 days for inactivate. Afterwards, all inactivated stool samples were kept at -20°C until they were taken into the study. DNA isolation from stool samples was carried out with DNA extraction kit. The purity of all isolated samples was measured by spectrophotometer. The analysis of the RT-PCR results was performed with the Rotor-Gene Q series software 2.3.1 program and the samples were evaluated for E. granulosus s.l. positive/negativeness. Results: According to the results of RT-PCR analysis, E. granulosus s.l. positive sample was not found in stool samples collected from stray dogs in the study area. Conclusion: Since no molecular studies have been carried out in the districts included in our study, the results obtained could not be compared. It also can be thought that the number of samples is insufficient. Therefore, a larger sample pool should be examined to find out the prevalence of E. granulosus s.l. Since there is limited data about the prevalence of E.granulosus s.l. in stray dogs, it also is important to investigate the prevalence of E. granulosus s.l. in different regions of Turkey.