The purpose of this study is to identify the solid waste generation and compositions that are generated from UNIMAS West Campus area and also to calculate potential energy and profit that can be harvested from the solid waste. This study was conducted at UNIMAS west campus where the samples of solid waste were collected from different types of source of generation namely residential colleges, faculties, Centre Teaching Facilities (CTF) and cafeteria. The solid wastes collected are weighed, mixed, quartered and the compositions of the samples are determined. From the analysis, the solid waste generation rate is 499 kg per day and the major composition of solid waste produced from this study area is food waste with the value of 54% followed by plastic bottle with 9%, mixed plastic with 8%, mixed paper with 7%, box and polystyrene are with 5% and the less percentage of solid waste composition is aluminium with 4%. For the total estimation potential energy that generated by UNIMAS West Campus is about 12819.9 kJ/kg per day and the profit can be achieved when the solid wastes are recycles is about RM 126.43 per day. The analysis shows that solid waste generated in UNIMAS West Campus has a good potential in recycling and give more benefit to UNIMAS. With the data of the solid waste generated in this study area, proper management strategies can be planned by top management of UNIMAS and put it into action in the future. In long term, it will make UNIMAS a green campus which eventually reduces the amount of solid waste generation.
Abstract. Adsorption using activated carbon that decomposed from agricultural waste has been proven to be effective in removing heavy metals in wastewater. This study was carried out to investigate the adsorption of heavy metals wastewater (Lead) using activated carbon that synthesized from the fruit waste which is jackfruit peel. The efficiency of jackfruit peel activated carbon in removing lead from wastewater has been compared to the commercial activated carbon. Result shows that the commercial activated carbon gave better result as compared to jackfruit peel activated carbon (98% of lead removal for commercial activated carbon and 80% of lead removal for jackfruit peel activated carbon). This can be explained from the characteristics of the activated carbon where the commercial activated carbon has a very well develop pores structures in contrast to jackfruit peel activated carbon. In term of isotherm and kinetic study, the Freundlich isotherm model is better fitted in equilibrium adsorption isotherm for jackfruit peel activated carbon and it is favorable adsorption condition. For commercial activated carbon, the Langmuir isotherm is better fitted to the adsorption of lead and monolayer adsorption capacity was found. The experimental data fitted very well the pseudo second order in kinetic model for both activated carbon where the adsorption controlled by chemisorptions.
Rainwater collected in rural areas may be contaminated and could affect health if consumed. Therefore, the rainwater quality is evaluated by identifying factors that affect the growth of bacteria and how they contribute to the growth. The factors are temperature, pH, oxygen and nutrient concentration which tested using thermometer, pH meter, DO meter and TOC Analyser. Bacteria densities were determined through MPN method using Colilert-18. Results showed Kuching samples have lower water temperature and TOC, less acidic but higher DO compared to Kota Samarahan samples. Evening samples showed lower water temperature and DO, but higher acidity and TOC compared to morning samples. Bacteria densities also showed decrease in readings and only Total Coliform are presence as rainwater collected in an open space. Samples temperature between 26°C and 28°C and pH readings between 5.59 and 6.05 shows that bacteria may adapt and exhibit growth but limited. DO and TOC also decreases between 0.33mg/L and 0.72mg/L and between 0.6340mg/L and 1.9338mg/L respectively. This indicates the uptake of oxygen and usage of organic carbon by the bacteria. These results correspond to the decreasing bacteria densities as due to limitation of oxygen and nutrients concentration and ideal range of temperature and pH for growth.
In the process of a design rainfall, information on rainfall duration, average rainfall intensity and temporal rainfall pattern is important. This study focuses on developing a temporal rainfall pattern for the Southern region of Sarawak since temporal pattern for Sarawak is yet to be available in the Malaysian Urban Storm Water Management Manual (MSMA), which publishes temporal pattern for design storms only for Peninsular Malaysia. The recommended technique by the Australian Rainfall and Runoff (AR&R) known as the ‘Average Variability Method’ and method in Hydrological Procedure No.1-1982 are used to derive design rainfall temporal pattern for the study. Rainfall data of 5 minutes interval from year 1998 to year 2006 for 7 selected rainfall stations in the selected region is obtained from Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). The temporal rainfall patterns developed are for 10 minutes,15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes and 360 minutes duration. The results show that Southern region of Sarawak has an exclusive rainfall pattern, which is different from the pattern developed for Peninsular Malaysia.
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