Rainfall is inevitably one of the main factors that trigger landslides. However, not much study has been conducted on the impact of groundwater rise on slope stability. us, this study is intended to focus on the rise of the groundwater level from the bottom of the slope which would lead to landslides due to pore pressure development by eliminating other landslide-triggering factors (i.e., in ltration and surface runo ). Saturated sand was used for slope modeling, and sand densities of 1523 kg/m 3 , 1562 kg/m 3 , and 1592 kg/m 3 were tested with a constant slope angle of 45°. Another set of experiments was also performed on slopes having angles of 25°, 45°, and 60°and with a maintained density of sand at 1562 kg/m 3 . rough observation, failure was initiated rst at the toe of the slope before minor and major slips or total collapse occurs. Dimensions of slip surfaces were measured and included in SLOPE/W for the computation of the safety factor. In conclusion, safety factors are found to be higher in denser soil and in the lowest slope angle. However, faster occurrence of collapse in denser soil was identi ed and could be contributed by the faster pore water pressure development.
The influences of climate on the retention capability of green roof have been widely discussed in existing literature. However, knowledge on how the retention capability of green roof is affected by the tropical climate is limited. This paper highlights the retention performance of the green roof situated in Kuching under hot-humid tropical climatic conditions. Using the green roof water balance modelling approach, this study simulated the hourly runoff generated from a virtual green roof from November 2012 to October 2013 based on past meteorological data. The result showed that the overall retention performance was satisfactory with a mean retention rate of 72.5% from 380 analysed rainfall events but reduced to 12.0% only for the events that potentially trigger the occurrence of flash flood. By performing the Spearman rank's correlation analysis, it was found that the rainfall depth and mean rainfall intensity, individually, had a strong negative correlation with event retention rate, suggesting that the retention rate increases with decreased rainfall depth. The expected direct relationship between retention rate and antecedent dry weather period was found to be event size dependent.
Dense network of rain gauges are used to accurately characterise the variation of rainfall over a less than ideal region such as Sarawak, Malaysia. This research aims to develop depth-area-duration (DAD) relationships of selected rainstorm event over Sungai Sarawak basin by using public domain satellite-based precipitation data from tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) product. Geographic information system (GIS) was used to manipulate the three-hourly accumulated precipitation dataset from TRMM and
In planning to mitigate flood, it is essential for engineers to determine the magnitude and frequency of rainfall. The rainfall frequency and magnitude can be determined by rainfall frequency analysis. This study analyzes the regional rainfall frequency of the Samarahan River basin. There are 12 rainfall stations over the 508km2 of basin area, of which 11 are included in this study. The rainfall frequency analyses of each individual station in Samarahan River basin are conducted using Gumbel distribution and Weibull plotting position formulas. The curves that are close to each other are grouped into the same region. Other factors such as topography, station elevation, type of rainfall distribution and isohyet are also considered in determining the region. Subsequently, a regional rainfall frequency map of Samarahan River basin is established. The findings show that Samarahan River basin can be divided into three homogenous regions. In comparison to previous research, there are changes in grouping the rainfall stations selected into regions. These changes may be due to different years of data used and number of rainfall stations selected since the data is limited. Dissimilar outcomes may also be caused by other factors such as nature change over time. This research updates the rainfall analysis of the Samarahan River basin using more adequate data compared to previous research.
Abstract. On-site measurements from rain gauge provide important information for the design, construction, and operation of water resources engineering projects, groundwater potentials, and the water supply and irrigation systems. A dense gauging network is needed to accurately characterize the variation of rainfall over a region, unfitting for conditions with limited networks, such as in Sarawak, Malaysia. Hence, satellite-based algorithm estimates are introduced as an innovative solution to these challenges. With accessibility to dataset retrievals from public domain websites, it has become a useful source to measure rainfall for a wider coverage area at finer temporal resolution. This paper aims to investigate the rainfall estimates prepared by Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) to explain whether it is suitable to represent the distribution of extreme rainfall in Sungai Sarawak Basin. Based on the findings, more uniform correlations for the investigated storms can be observed for low to medium altitude (>40 MASL). It is found for the investigated events of Jan [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] 2009: the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE = 36.7 %); and good correlation (CC = 0.9). These findings suggest that satellite algorithm estimations from TRMM are suitable to represent the spatial distribution of extreme rainfall.
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