SCP and DCP vessel density decreased with increasing age, while FAZ area increased with age. Normal age-matched measurements provide important standardized values that may facilitate management of retinal vascular disorders.

The density of the retinal capillary microvasculature is reduced and the area of flow deficit in the CC is increased in eyes with greater myopia. The relevance of microvascular alterations in the setting of myopia warrants further study.

Optical coherence tomography angiography is a new, noninvasive imaging modality that can be used to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses of NV lesions. In the future, OCT angiography may provide biomarkers of activity and guide the evaluation and treatment and monitoring of neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration.

Novel PAR software may provide improved visualization of all three major parafoveal retinal capillary plexuses including the ICP. Using this technology, SCP, ICP, and DCP vessel density decreased with increasing age while FAZ area increased with age.

An updated staging system of Type 3 lesions was developed based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings. A precursor stage consists of a punctate hyperreflective focus in the outer retina. The subtle detection of associated outer plexiform layer disruption and downward deflection may indicate that this precursor lesion is more likely to progress to an active Type 3 neovascular lesion. Stage 1 consists of a larger intraretinal hyperreflective lesion associated with cystoid macular edema but without outer retinal disruption. Stage 2 is notable for outer retinal disruption that occurs with retinal pigment epithelium disruption in most of the cases. Stage 3 is defined by an intraretinal hyperreflective lesion that extends through the retinal pigment epithelium to vascularize a drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment creating a serous component of the pigment epithelial detachment.

Peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome is a distinct PDS variant, in which peripapillary choroidal thickening is associated with nasal macular intraretinal and/or subretinal fluid and occasional disk edema. Recognition of PPS is important to distinguish it from disorders with overlapping features such as posterior uveitis and neuro-ophthalmologic conditions.

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