<p><span>Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) are one of the palm oil industry wastes, which are quite plentiful and currently unused optimally. Biomass is one of the renewable energy resources which has important roles in the world. The bio-briquettes are manufactured through densification of waste biomass by implementing certain processes. This research aimed to obtain variations in the mold temperature at 150 ºC, 200 ºC, and 250 ºC to the calorific value and toughness of the briquette material. The toughness was tested using ASTM D 440-86 R02 standard. Arduino program was used for setting the heating resistance time of the mold, which was 20 minutes and the thermal controller was used to adjust the temperature variation. The average mold pressure was 58 Psi. The highest heating value was obtained at a mold temperature of 250 ºC with a value of 5256 cal/g, and the lowest was resulted at a temperature of 150 ºC (4117 cal/g). Meanwhile, the briquette toughness test at 200 ºC mold temperature indicated good data results in which the average loss of fiber particles was only 4.17 %, this was because the adhesion between particles by lignin and cellulose in the fiber functions optimally at this temperature so that the resistance of briquettes went through minor damage.</span></p>
The development of biomass has been assumed as an important issue in the past several decades and would remain to be attractive in the future due to its clean, renewable, and carbon-neutral properties. Biomass is one of the most important renewable energy resources in the world. In recent decades, the utilization of biomass has dramatically increased. There were many reasons. First, biomass is a renewable resource, because of the availability of biomass is unlimited, and its regenerative process runs well. Second, the extraction of biomass energy can be carried out more flexible. The biomass can be burned directly without high technology. Biomass bio-briquettes are often used as an energy source for cooking purpose and in some industries. The bio-briquettes are produced by densification of waste biomass using various processes. In this, the study manual densification of bio-briquettes was tested by three different binding agents; cassava flour, sago flour, and starch flour. The objective of this study was to compare different binding materials in the production of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) bio-briquettes between binders. The binder is used as a mixture on the EFB fiber. Three types of the binder are cassava flour, sago flour and starch flour are used as comparators to obtain high heating value. The percentage of binder in each sample is 2%. The ratio of the use of water as a diluent between the fiber and the adhesive is 1: 5. Samples of solid cylindrical shape diameter 4 cm and 5 cm high and density sample is 0.8 g/cm3. The pressure is used to generate samples specified in the mold volume. The volume of the cylinder is 62.8 cm3. The adhesive cassava with a percentage of 2% can provide power to the sample mechanically by a drop test at the height of 1.20 m. The result shows that the binder cassava has fuel calorific value average is 3661 cal/g, a binder of starch 3584 cal/g and sago 3537 cal/g. Results indicated that sample binder cassava flour has calorific fuel value higher than sago and starch flour.
The development of biomass has been an important issue for the past several decades and would remain to be attractive in the future due to its clean, renewable, and carbon–neutral properties. The use of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) has been the condition of fibre and conditions of EFB is still fresh. The fiber used has been cut to size between ± 0.5 mm to 5 mm. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of difference press angle to the quality of briquette. Effect of the angle of the mold on the duration of combustion shows the difference in the time value that is not significant between the angles 65°, 55° and 45°. The rotation of the screw shaft slows down at an angle of 45° with a round of 84.5 rpm, while the rotation of the shaft has increased in rotation at 65° angle with rotation of 90.6 rpm. Differences in the cone angle affect the value of the burning time of the specimen and the rotation of the screw shaft so that it affects the engine performance.
Variable refrigerant flow air-conditioning (VRF) systems are important and widely used building energy systems around the world. In this study, the performance of a multi-split VRF system using the bypass cycle is evaluated using the experiment as a possible sub-cooling method to prevent flash gas generation in liquid pipelines. The experimental for the multi-split VRF system is developed by considering the applications of the bypass cycle, and is validated with experimental data. The results of the tests that have been carried out are obtained in the vapor compression cycle with a bypass cycle, an increase in cooling capacity of 2.96% and an energy saving ratio (EER) of 1.72%. The input power of the bypass cycle is reduced by up to 2.45% when the performance of the multi-split VRF systems with bypass cycle cooling capacity conditions.
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