The Guide for Monitoring Child Development is an innovative method for monitoring child development that is designed specifically for use by health care providers in low- and middle-income countries. Studies in Turkey provide preliminary evidence for its reliability and validity.

Objectives: To evaluate the factors associated with discontinuation of breastfeeding before 12 months in order to make suggestions for achieving long-term breast-feeding. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: Gazi University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey. Subjects: Mothers of 1230 children who discontinued breast-feeding at least 15 d before the last visit were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the discontinuation process. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the independent effects of factors that might influence breast-feeding discontinuation. Results: Mean breast-feeding duration of the study group was 11?04 (SD 7?45) months. Introduction of bottle-feeding correlated with discontinuation of breast-feeding (r 5 0?507, P 5 0?001). Important risk factors for discontinuation of breast-feeding before the first 12 months were not exclusively breast-feeding at 3 and 6 months, prematurity, not having a plan about breast-feeding duration and maternity leave duration of #91 d for working mothers. The common reasons for abandoning breastfeeding in the first and second 6 months were similar, namely the mother's concerns about the sufficiency of breast milk. After 12 months and 18 months the reasons for discontinuation were the baby's unwillingness to eat solid foods while breast-feeding and the mother's perception that 'the baby is old enough', respectively. Conclusion: The factors that improve long-term breast-feeding are successful exclusive breast-feeding in the first few months, intention of the mother to breastfeed and sufficient duration of maternity leave. This study emphasizes the importance of successful breast-feeding counselling during the first few months to achieve the desired long-term breast-feeding.

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The results indicate that a large proportion of babies with non-hemolytic jaundice have severe weight loss, and that breast-fed newborns with the combination of weight loss and hypernatremia may present with non-hemolytic jaundice.

Some single nucleotide polymorphisms and their combinations in the Ugrp2 gene are associated with an increased risk of developing adenoid hypertrophy. Therefore, we tried to underline the importance of genetic factors associated with adenoid hypertrophy and its related clinical phenotypes.